65 results
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Morphology
Microcytic RBC: Pyridoxine deficiency, Thalassemia, Iron deficiency anemia, Chronic disease anemia (sometimes),
RBC: Pyridoxine deficiency ... disease anemia ... Macrocytic RBC: Vitamin B12 ... or Folate deficiency ... hemoglobin disorders
Clinically Important Vitamins and Vitamin Deficiency States
Fat-soluble Vitamins: 
 • Vitamin A - Xerophthalmia, night blindness,
Clinically Important ... Vitamins and Vitamin Deficiency ... - Coagulation disorder ... Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms
Causes of Anemia with elevated Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Normal Blood Smear
 •
• Dietary Deficiency ... • Small Bowel Disorder ... Myelodysplastic Syndromes ... and Folate Deficiency ... • Liver Disease
Cold Agglutinin Disease

3 Types of Cold Sensitive Antibodies:
  1. Cold Agglutinins (CAD)
  2. Donath-Landsteiner
Cold Agglutinin Syndrome ... lymphoid malignancy (CLL ... Viral Infection Clinical ... of anemia include ... • hemolytic anemia
Diagnostic Framework for Hemolysis - Intravascular vs Extravascular Causes
Intravascular Hemolysis:
 • Mechanical Trauma (Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia):
) - HELLP syndrome ... Hemolytic uremic syndrome ... ) (e.g. lupus, CLL ... lymphoproliferative disorders ... G6PD deficiency)
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia - Summary

Cancer affecting lymphocytes/Mature B cell neoplasm
 • Lymphocytes accumulate in large numbers
Orange or Hep C Clinical ... with no early symptoms ... cells can indicate disease ... lymphoproliferative disorders ... • Neutropenia, anemia
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency
Etiology:
 • Vit B12 - aka cobalamin. Present in foods derived from animal
) Deficiency Etiology ... dysfunction, and/or disorders ... intrinsic factor, IF) Clinical ... to IBD, celiac disease ... #diagnosis #management
Elevated Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) - Differential Diagnosis Framework

LDH is a cytoplasmic enzyme present in tissues throughout
disease, deficiency ... paralyses CNS Disorders ... • Tumor lysis syndrome ... polyangiitis • Behçet's syndrome ... associated with any symptoms
Wernicke Encephalopathy - Acute B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency - Diagnosis and Management
Diagnosis - Caine Criteria (2 of
Diagnosis and Management ... treatment can improve symptoms ... development of Korsakoff syndrome ... (chronic B1 deficiency ... #neurology #nutrition
Korsakoff Syndrome
Clinical Findings:
 • Confabulation: Usually initial phase of the disease
 • Anterograde amnesia: Memory impairment
Clinical Findings ... initial phase of the disease ... • Anterograde amnesia ... presentation of Thiamine deficiency ... #neurology #diagnosis