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Bradycardia Diagnostic and Management Algorithm

CONSIDER ETIOLOGY (not inclusive): 
 - STRUCTURAL: sick sinus, AV block, ischemia,
sick sinus, AV block ... Hypothyroidism - TOX: beta-blockers ... LIFE THREATENING CAUSES ... TREATMENT - Drugs (beta-blockers ... Electrolytes (hyperkalemia
Shock - Differential Diagnosis by Classification
Reflex Syncope 
 - Vasovagal syncope
   • Prolonged standing
Differential Diagnosis by Classification ... • AV block ... side effect (e.g. αblockers ... Differential #Diagnosis #Classification ... #Table #Causes
Pacemaker Placement Indications
Class I:
 • Third degree block
 • Advanced 2nd degree block
 • Symptomatic Mobitz
• Third degree block ... or 3rd degree block ... Class Ill: • Syncope ... • Reversible causes ... of AV block -
Antiarrhythmics - Vaughan Williams Classification:
CLASS 1 - Sodium Channel Blockers:
 • MOA: Block fast Na+ channels
: • MOA: Block ... 2 - Beta Blockers ... : • MOA: Block ... : • MOA: Block ... #Classes #pathophysiology
Drugs causing hyperkalemia
 • Impaired release of renin: NSAIDs, Beta blockers, Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, Diabetes, Elderly
 •
Drugs causing hyperkalemia ... renin: NSAIDs, Beta ... blockers, Cyclosporine ... Drospirenone #Drugs #hyperkalemia ... #medications #causes
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia
Drugs
 - Amiloride
 - Spironolactone
 - Triamterene
 - Trimethoprim
 - Pentamidine
 -
inhibitors Other causes ... - NSAlDs - Beta-Blockers ... #Hyperkalemia ... #Algorithm #diagnosis ... #differential #causes
Bradycardia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

BRADI Mnemonic
 • BRASH/Hyperkalemia
 • Reduced oxygen/Glucose/Temp
 • ACS
 • Drugs
 •
surgery • Heart block ... Medications: • Beta ... channel blockers ... Spondylarthropathies Other causes ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Syncope - Differential Diagnosis
The percentage of syncopal events secondary to arrhythmias or structural disease is generally
Syncope - Differential ... percentage of syncopal ... Sick sinus, AV block ... Others Non-syncopal ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Antiarrhythmics Pharmacology Summary
Cardiac Conduction Phases:
Phase 0 - Ventricular Depolarization:
 • Na+ channels open leading to a
: • MOA: Block ... 2 - Beta Blockers ... : • MOA: Block ... : • MOA: Block ... #Classes #pathophysiology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... cells: Insulin, Beta-Agonist ... Refeeding Syndrome #Hypokalemia ... #causes #potassium