11 results
Generalized Seizures and Pseudoseizures
Generalized seizures "are conceptualized as originating as some point within, and rapidly engaging,
When tonic—clonic ... by a toxic or metabolic ... Toxic and metabolic ... Pseudoseizures #GrandMal #Classification ... #Diagnosis #Neurology
Causes of Seizures - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Unprovoked - Epilepsy:
 • Focal: Simple, Complex
 • Generalized: Absence,
Causes of Seizures ... - Differential Diagnosis ... ICH, Cerebral venous ... Neurocysticercosis, PML • Metabolic ... Algorithm #Causes #neurology
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
Acid Base Disorders ... - Differential Diagnosis ... failure - Adrenal insufficiency ... #Summary #Nephrology ... ABG #bloodgas #Acid
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... Non-anion Gap Metabolic ... hyperkalemia (with renal insufficiency ... #differential #diagnosis ... #causes #nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
acidosis • Chronic ... poisoning Normal acid-base ... and potassium acid ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology ... #differential #diagnosis
Normal Anion-Gap Acidosis (NAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Workup

NAGMA
- Chem, ABG or VBG
- Calculate Anion
- Differential Diagnosis ... HCO3 - Renal insufficiency ... Surgical drains - Chronic ... NonAnionGap #Acidosis #Metabolic ... #Workup #nephrology
5-Oxoprolinuria
What is it:
 • Aka pyroglutamic acidosis, Intermediate in γ-glutamyl cycle
 • Amino acid transport and
Inborn errors of metabolism ... adults • Link to chronic ... / ketonaemia insufficient ... • Requires high ... Oxoprolinuria #diagnosis
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
- Differential Diagnosis ... phlebotomy High ... infusions) - Metabolic ... deficiency • Renal insufficiency ... #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
- Differential Diagnosis ... phlebotomy High ... infusions) - Metabolic ... deficiency • Renal insufficiency ... #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
resistance • Metabolic ... disequilibrium syndrome • Diagnosis ... Loop Diuretics; High-Ceiling ... Bumetanide, Ethacrynic acid ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology