16 results
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism

Decreased GI Uptake 
 - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
GI losses - Chronic ... - Hypokalemia ... Diagnosis #Low #Magnesium ... #Table #Classification ... #Causes #Workup
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... of High-anion Gap ... Chronic progressive ... (with renal insufficiency ... #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
phlebotomy High ... deficiency • Renal insufficiency ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #potassium #high ... #nephrology
Normal Anion-Gap Acidosis (NAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Workup

NAGMA
- Chem, ABG or VBG
- Calculate Anion
Framework and Workup ... HCO3 - Renal insufficiency ... normal Type 4: Hyperkalemic ... Surgical drains - Chronic ... #nephrology
Causes of Hyperkalemia - Reduced Excretion - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Reduced flow through distal nephron - TTKG
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Creatinine • Chronic ... ARB • Adrenal insufficiency ... • NSAlDs #Hyperkalemia ... IntercellularShift #Nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
potassium(K) & magnesium ... wasting from other causes ... suggests extra-renal causes ... urinary losses: • High ... differential #potassium #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
phlebotomy High ... deficiency • Renal insufficiency ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #potassium #high ... #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Decreased intake (rare cause in isolation)
GI loss - Urine loss
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Gittelman's syndrome • Magnesium ... depletion High ... Liddle's syndrome #Hypokalemia ... #Nephrology #Differential
Hypermagnesemia - Diagnosis and Management

Hypermagnesemia is a serum magnesium concentration > 2.6 mg/dL.
Symptoms include hyporeflexia, hypotension,
mortality in ICU Causes ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... deficiency, adrenal insufficiency ... helpful in severe cases ... #nephrology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia
The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
diuresis can be high ... Hypothyroidism, Adrenal Insufficiency ... : Hypovolemia, Hypervolemia ... differential #diagnosis #table ... #sodium #nephrology