15 results
Diabetes – diabetic nephropathy
Majority of the literature in the area is applied to the diabetic nephropathy
nephropathy patients based ... - Chronic hyperglycemia ... be the primary cause ... - Cytokines #Pathophysiology ... #Nephrology #CKD
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
Acid Base Disorders ... failure - Adrenal insufficiency ... Diagnosis #Summary #Nephrology ... ABG #bloodgas #Acid ... #Base #Gas #VBG
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
, Pyroglutamic acid ... Chronic progressive ... hyperkalemia (with renal insufficiency ... Acid loads (ammonium ... #nephrology
Hypochloremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Cause - Decreased Intake:
 • Low salt in diet
 • Exclusive D5W
intoxication Cause ... secretion • Acid-base ... components of acid-base ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Pathophysiology ... #Nephrology #Chloride
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia
The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
time you have a case ... normal volume-based ... Hypothyroidism, Adrenal Insufficiency ... differential #diagnosis #table ... #sodium #nephrology
Hepatic Encephalopathy - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Definition:
 • Alteration in brain function manifested by neuropsychiatric symptoms
neuropsychiatric symptoms ... • Caused by liver ... insufficiency and ... of neurologic/cognitive ... metabolized to lactic acid
Sarcoidosis - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Epidemiology
1) High incidence in Scandinavian countries (11-24 cases per 100,000 individuals
Asian countries (1 case ... survival is 93-95% Pathophysiology ... are not caused ... Self-limiting, chronic ... but stable or chronic
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
metabolic acidosis • Chronic ... poisoning Normal acid-base ... the indicated causes ... and potassium acid ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology
Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Pachymeningitis is a rare condition that causes areas of a layer
condition that causes ... thickening can cause ... different symptoms ... based on its location ... Pachymeningitis #HP #Neurology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Bumetanide, Ethacrynic acid ... liver cirrhosis, chronic ... Kidney stones caused ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Medications #Table