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Heart failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)
Clinical Presentation
1. Typical symptoms: dyspnea, orthopnea paroxysmal noctumal dyspnea, fatigue,
More Specific Signs ... Less Specific Signs ... Chest x-ray: signs ... acute HF → no signs ... #cardiology #pharmacology
Increased pulmonary venous pressure is related to the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and can be
features on the chest ... film (Table). ... logical sequence of signs ... #Diagnosis #Radiology ... #Findings #Signs
It is important to recognize Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF) as more than just simply a
Signs of poor perfusion ... Signs of congestion ... with presence of pulmonary ... algorithm #management #cardiology ... #treatment #table
Preoperative Risk Evaluation

Major Pre-Op Questions:
1. Does the patient have any modifiable risk factors that could be
Medical history ... Change in clinical ... one post op Cardiology ... change CV risk Chest ... stratification #diagnosis
Authors: Mark M. Ramzy, DO, EMT-P (@MarkRamzyDO, EM Resident Physician, Drexel University, Department of Emergency Medicine)
Vital signs: BP ... x-ray (CXR), try ... wall, a chest x-ray ... not seen on a CXR ... #Radiology #CTChest