11 results
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
↓Phosphate • Secondary ... Phosphate Physical Symptoms ... pain Psychiatric Symptoms ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis #endocrinology ... #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Low and High Phosphate
LOW PHOSPHATE
 - Low/NormaI PTH
Hypocalcemia - Differential ... Phenytoin, Nephrotic Syndrome ... High PTH • Secondary ... Poisoning #Hypocalcemia ... Algorithm #Phosphate #endocrinology
Patellofemoral Syndrome - Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Anterior Knee Pain with possible symptoms of 'catching'
Patellofemoral Syndrome ... with possible symptoms ... (crepitus) • Secondary ... #pathophysiology ... #msk
Leukostasis vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Leukostasis:
 • Pathophysiology: Large, immature blasts and high WBC count cause hyperviscosity
Leukostasis: • Pathophysiology ... Dehydration • Symptoms ... changes, stroke symptoms ... : • Pathophysiology ... hydration - Hyperkalemia
21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (21-OHD): Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Autosomal recessive mutation in CYP21A2 coding for the enzyme 21-OHase
Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... : • Hyperkalemia ... Hirsutism & acne • Infertility ... #21HydroxylaseDeficiency #21OHD #pathophysiology ... #genetics #endocrinology
Joint Disorders - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Monoarthritis
 • Septic
 • Crystalline
     - Gout
“Pseudogout” - Calcium ... arthritis - (Reiter’s syndrome ... inflammation is secondary ... should have other symptoms ... Joint #Disorders #msk
Sarcoidosis - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Epidemiology
1) High incidence in Scandinavian countries (11-24 cases per 100,000 individuals
survival is 93-95% Pathophysiology ... fibrosis. 4) Calcium ... hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia ... patients) and/or hypercalcuria ... anterior/posterior MSK
Causes of Hypocalcemia by Clinical Cause

Acute illness: pancreatitis, tumor lysis, severe illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism from
severe illness - Secondary ... low circulating calcium ... Malabsorption syndrome ... Renal disease - Secondary ... Differential #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Adrenal Insufficiency - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency:
Most Common Cause in the US: Autoimmune Adrenalitis
Other
ketoconazole, etomidate) Symptoms ... Hyperkalemia is ... Causes of Secondary ... hypophysitis, Sheehan's syndrome ... Diagnosis #Management #Endocrinology
Low Alkaline Phosphatase - Hypophosphatasia 

Is Low Alkaline Phosphatase Of Clinical Importance?

ALP enzyme- Discovered in 1923
Low
pain • loss of secondary ... collection with EDTA Pathophysiology ... ALP -> PPi and Calcium ... mineralization Symptoms ... Hyperlipidemia - Hypercalcemia