28 results
Hypoxemia vs Hypoxia
Hypoxemia - Partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) is below normal
Hypoxia - Insufficient oxygen
Hypoxemia vs Hypoxia ... PaO2) is below normal ... - Increased O2 delivery ... O2 delivery to tissues ... diagnosis #comparison #pulmonary
Hypoxia and Hypoxemia - Overview
Hypoxia - insufficient oxygen delivered to tissues to meet demands
Hypoxemia - low
Hypoxia and Hypoxemia ... insufficient oxygen delivered ... blood loss) or abnormal ... #pulmonary #differential ... diagnosis #causes #pathophysiology
Oxygen Delivery Equation
DO2 = CO x {(1.39 x Hb x sO2) + (PaO2 x 0.03)}
DO2 =
Oxygen Delivery ... x 0.03)} DO2 = Rate ... of oxygen delivery ... #Equation #pathophysiology ... #pulmonary #apples
Hypoxemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm by A-a Gradient

Normal A-a Gradient:
 • ↓ Atmospheric pressure
 • Hypoventilation: CNS
Hypoxemia Differential ... A-a Gradient Normal ... Gradient: • Right-to-Left ... #Hypoxia #Differential ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #pulmonary
Approach to the A-a Gradient
A-a gradient = PAO2 - PaO2
A-a gradient = [FiO2 x (Patm -
/0.8)] - PaO2 Normal ... A-a gradient to normal ... Age-Adjusted Gradient • Right ... Intracardiac, Pulmonary ... #Hypoxia #hypoxemia
Mask Oxygen Delivery Devices

Simple Mask aka Hudson's Mask:
 • Flow 6-10 LPM
 • FiO2 35-50%
Face Tent:
Mask Oxygen Delivery ... not tolerate a tight-fitting ... specified flow rate ... #Mask #Oxygen #Delivery ... Devices #management #pulmonary
Asthma vs COPD Presentation and Diagnosis
Asthma:
 • Epidemiology: Age usually < 45, History (personal or family)
Findings: Variably abnormal ... Dyspnea, Symptoms of right ... Hyperresonance, Hypoxemia ... : Persistently abnormal ... comparison #Diagnosis #pulmonary
Pulmonary Hypertension Groups - WHO Classification
Group I - Vascular remodeling of pulmonary arteries
 • Idiopathic, HIV,
disease causing hypoxemia ... issues at rest, but normal ... issues at rest, but normal ... Symptoms of right ... ventricular failure might
Abnormalities in Rate and Rhythm of Breathing 
Normal 
The respiratory rate is about 14—20 per min
Abnormalities in Rate ... The respiratory rate ... consider infarction, hypoxia ... Breathing #Patterns #Pulmonary ... Abnormalities #Abnormal
Right Heart Catheterization Cheat Sheet: Interpretation of Pressures and Waveforms 
Direct measurements
 ● Central venous pressure
pressures (RA, RV) ● Pulmonary ... pressure (PAp) ● Pulmonary ... – CVP]/CO) ● Pulmonary ... SVI = CI/heart rate ... 0.136) ● Oxygen delivery