2026 results
Possible Causes of Altered Urine Color 

Red 
    Foods: beets, blackberries, rhubarb
: laxatives, antipsychotics ... Conditions: blue diaper syndrome ... nitrofurantoin), laxatives ... tyrosinemia, Gilbert syndrome ... (Purple Urine Syndrome
Algorithm for the Evaluation of Chronic Diarrhea (< 7 days)
Exclude:
1. Causes of acute diarrhea
2. Lactose intolerance
3.
Irritable bowel syndrome ... Medications 7. ... Malabsorption syndromes ... Sorbitol, lactulose, Laxative ... weight: Secretory laxative
IBS-C Pharmacologic Therapies and Recommendations
Linaclotide, Plecanatide, Lubiprostone, PEG laxatives, Tegaserod, Rifaximin, Eluxadoline, Alosetron, Loperamide, TCAs, SSRIs,
Lubiprostone, PEG laxatives ... irritable #bowel #syndrome ... #constipation #medications
Causes of Chronic Diarrhea - Differential Diagnosis
Osmotic
 • Food/Drink: Lactose intolerance, Artificial sweeteners (e.g. sorbitol, high
corn syrup) • Medications ... Lactulose • Laxative ... tumors: Carcinoid syndrome ... ZE syndrome) Malabsorptive ... Irritable bowel syndrome
Causes of Chronic Diarrhea
Osmotic Diarrhea
 1. Medications: antacids, lactulose, sorbitol
 2. Disaccharidase deficiency: lactose intolerance
 3.
Medications: antacids ... magnesium (antacids, laxatives ... Zollinger-Ellison syndrome ... Factitious diarrhea (laxative ... Medications Inflammatory
Drugs associated with hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia

Hypokalemia
- Shift from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid compartment
  -
- Extrarenal Laxatives ... renal Fanconi syndrome ... hypomagnesemia #Medications
Pharmacologic Management of Constipation 
Fiber Laxatives
 - Bran powder
 - Psyllium
 - Methylcellulose
 - Calcium polycarbophil
Constipation Fiber Laxatives ... Mineral oil Osmotic Laxatives ... 3350) Stimulant Laxatives ... #Pharmacology #Medications
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Treatment Algorithm

IBS-Constipation:
 • Constipation: Osmotic laxatives
 • Abdominal pain: Antispasmodics

IBS-Diarrhea:
 • Diarrhea:
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ... Constipation: Osmotic laxatives ... Irritable #Bowel #Syndrome
Types of Laxatives #constipation #chart #pharmacology #laxatives
Types of Laxatives ... #pharmacology #laxatives
List of some common medications used in the operative setting, with their counterparts that look alike
of some common medications ... ensure the proper medication ... for the correct indications ... #management #medication