127 results
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
Hematuria: Red/Dark urine ... 1ml blood/liter urine ... more RBC/HPF spun urine ... examination of urine ... RBC - Brown urine
Causes Abnormal Urine Color - Differential Diagnosis
Turbid White Urine (Albinuria):
 • Chyluria, Filariasis, Schistosomiasis, Malignancy, Phosphaturia,
Causes Abnormal ... * Green Urine: ... : • Purple Urine ... Bag Syndrome - ... UTI caused by (Proteus
Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Urine Output > 3L /day
Water Diuresis (Urine Osm <100 mOsm/kg)
 • Primary
Diagnosis Algorithm Urine ... Water Diuresis (Urine ... Mixed Diuresis (Urine ... Relief of prolonged urinary ... Solute Diuresis (Urine
Acute Kidney Injury - AKI Workup Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis
Baseline Investigations: full blood count with differential,
differential, urine ... dipstick, urine ... microscopy / urinary ... Myeloma: serum / urine ... blood culture, urine
Increased Urinary Frequency - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Non-increased urine volume (<2mL/min), Rule out polyuria
Extrinsic to Urinary Tract:
Increased Urinary ... Non-increased urine ... volume (<2mL/min), Rule ... Extrinsic to Urinary ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Differential Diagnosis and Screening Testing
Common causes: 
 • Renal parenchymal disease
test (with 24-h urine ... ganglioma - 24-h urinary ... • Cushing’s syndrome ... suppression test. 24-h urinary ... Mineralocorticoid excess syndromes
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
wasting from other causes ... A urine K/Cr ratio ... suggests extra-renal causes ... • Diarrhea A urine ... mEq/g suggests urinary
Causes of Urinary Incontinence - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 - Transient - Easily reversible cause (DIAPPERS)
Causes of Urinary ... • Excessive urine ... large leakage of urine ... , cauda equina syndrome ... Obstruction #Urinary
Causes of Abnormal Urine Colors - Differential Diagnosis
Blue-Green - Yellow - Orange - Pink - Red
Causes of Abnormal ... Urine Colors - ... White - Purple #Urine ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... discoloration #urinary
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Primary Metabolic ... hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine ... (late) • High Urine ... , Gitelman Syndrome ... Algorithm #Nephrology #Causes