92 results
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
hypomagnesemia • Metabolic ... Hypochloremic metabolic ... Renal tubular acidosis ... diagnosis #nephrology #management ... #pathophysiology
High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (HAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis - GOLDMARK

Glycols - ethylene and propylene glycol
Oxoproline
High Anion Gap Metabolic ... Acidosis (HAGMA ... during hypoxic metabolism ... with short bowel syndrome ... #Acidosis #HAGMA
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Low intake • Metabolic ... acidosis: Gl tract ... Renal Losses: • Metabolic ... acidosis: Proximal ... , Gitelman syndrom
Metformin Associated Lactic Acidosis (MALA) 

Pathophysiology of MALA
 - Metformin interferes with the activity of the
Associated Lactic Acidosis ... (MALA) Pathophysiology ... use in cellular metabolism ... acidosis including ... Toxicology #Diagnosis #Management
Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Urinary Chloride
 • Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
diuretic use, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... acidosis: Chronic ... Kidney tubular acidosis ... acidosis: Diabetic
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
diuretic use, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... acidosis • Chronic ... acidosis due to ... acidosis, a high
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
Acidosis ↑ ↑ ... Acidosis <0.4 ... acidosis 0.4- ... Metabolic acidosis ... D-lactate (short bowel syndrome
Refeeding Syndrome: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Patients at Risk of Refeeding Syndrome:
 - Little or no nutritional
Refeeding Syndrome ... • Incr Glucose Metabolism ... - Metabolic ... Acidosis • Shift ... #diagnosis #pathophysiology
Ketosis Disorders
Ketone bodies are a normal metabolic energy source. Excessive unregulated production of ketones, often accompanied
bodies are a normal metabolic ... by an anion gap acidosis ... fatty acid (FA) metabolism ... of re-feeding syndrome ... differential #diagnosis #management
Clinical manifestations of acute liver failure 

Brain: 
Hepatic encephalopathy,  
Cerebral edema,  
Intracranial hypertension,
Hepatorenal syndrome ... Hepatoadrenal syndrome ... Liver: Loss of metabolic ... Coagulopathy, Lactic acidosis ... Hepatopulmonary syndrome