38 results
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology
Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology ... delivery to distal nephron ... → Hypokalemia Metabolic ... Gitelman #Syndrome #Pathophysiology ... #nephrology #diagnosis
Hypochloremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Cause - Decreased Intake:
 • Low salt in diet
 • Exclusive D5W
- Gitelman SIGNS ... metabolic acidosis ... metabolic alkalosis ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Pathophysiology ... #Nephrology #Chloride
Hypothyroid Myopathy
Very common (up to 80% ) in patients with hypothyroidism
Pathophysiology:
 • T4 deficiency leads to
hypothyroidism Pathophysiology ... mitochondrial oxidative metabolism ... Hypothyroid #Myopathy #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms ... #endocrinology
Feedback Loop: Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone:
 • Liver -> GHR activates JAK-STAT pathway -> Incr IGF1
activates lipolysis Signs ... thickness) - metabolic ... #FeedbackLoop #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
out of cells may cause ... Due to neuronal metabolism ... Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... DiabeticKetoacidosis #DKA #pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Growth Hormone Excess - Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Acromegaly and gigantism share the same pathophysiology
share the same pathophysiology ... • Other rare causes ... Overproduction #diagnosis #signs ... #symptoms #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... Non-anion Gap Metabolic ... Generalized distal nephron ... aniongap #NonGap #Metabolic ... #nephrology
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
hypertension and signs ... hypokalemia and metabolic ... renal bruit or signs ... Vasculitis • Endocrinologic ... Neurologic disorders
Generalized Seizures and Pseudoseizures
Generalized seizures "are conceptualized as originating as some point within, and rapidly engaging,
general seizure caused ... Toxic and metabolic ... causes include ... Classification #Diagnosis #Neurology ... #Signs #Symptoms
Acute Spinal Cord Injuries: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Anterior Cord Syndrome -> Anterior spinal artery
and lower motor neuron ... Syndromes #diagnosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms ... #orthopedics #neurology