12 results
Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

DKA is a result of an absolute or relative insulin
Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology ... of carbohydrate metabolism ... state and fat metabolism ... #Pathophysiology ... DKA #Diabetes #Endocrinology
Woltman’s sign on Physical Exam

53-year-old man presented with fatigue and sensitivity to cold. A physical examination
Woltman’s sign on ... deep-tendon reflex, is a neurologic ... #PhysicalExam # ... Clinical #Video #Neurology ... #Endocrinology
Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis (EuDKA)
SGLT2 Inhibitors
Increasing Indications
Significant Adverse Drug Effects
Definition of EuDKA
 • Metabolic acidosis with pH
Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis ... Definition of EuDKA • Metabolic ... level < 200 mg/dL Pathophysiology ... Euglycemic #Diabetic #Ketoacidosis ... diagnosis #management #endocrinology
Kussmaul Breathing Pattern

Demonstration of Kussmaul breathing pattern seen here in Diabetic Ketoacidosis.  Initial pH was
here in Diabetic Ketoacidosis ... associated with severe metabolic ... Pattern #Pulmonary #Sign ... #PhysicalExam #
Hypothyroid Myopathy
Very common (up to 80% ) in patients with hypothyroidism
Pathophysiology:
 • T4 deficiency leads to
hypothyroidism Pathophysiology ... mitochondrial oxidative metabolism ... Hypothyroid #Myopathy #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms ... #endocrinology
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ... Due to neuronal metabolism ... Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... DiabeticKetoacidosis #DKA #pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Feedback Loop: Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone:
 • Liver -> GHR activates JAK-STAT pathway -> Incr IGF1
activates lipolysis Signs ... thickness) - metabolic ... #FeedbackLoop #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Hypochloremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Cause - Decreased Intake:
 • Low salt in diet
 • Exclusive D5W
Excessive vomiting - Metabolic ... - Gitelman SIGNS ... increase may cause metabolic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Pathophysiology ... #Nephrology #Chloride
Intact Corneomandibular (Wartenberg) Reflex

Patient with pontine hemorrhage without impaired consciousness - Left corneal stimulation triggers contralateral
structural from metabolic ... emphasize that this sign ... Reflex #Intact #PhysicalExam ... #clinical #Neurology
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
hypertension and signs ... hypokalemia and metabolic ... renal bruit or signs ... Vasculitis • Endocrinologic ... Neurologic disorders