15 results
Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

DKA is a result of an absolute or relative insulin
of Diabetic Ketoacidosis ... relative insulin deficiency ... of carbohydrate metabolism ... state and fat metabolism ... #Endocrinology
Refeeding Syndrome Overview

What Is It?
	• Electrolyte/fluid shifts caused by initiation of nutrition in severely malnourished patient.
initiation of nutrition ... from hormonal and metabolic ... Poorly controlled diabetes ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Pathophysiology
Causes of Iron Deficiency
 • Diet: ↓ Intake, e.g. vegan, Malnutrition, Polyphenol / tannins, ↓ Vitamin
Causes of Iron Deficiency ... Polyphenol / tannins, ↓ Vitamin ... Hemolysis, Iron metabolism ... #differential #diagnosis ... #anemia #nutrition
Diagnosing Vitamin B12 and/or Folate Deficiency

It turns out that simply measuring serum levels of B12 or
Diagnosing Vitamin ... inadequate to diagnosis ... deficiency. ... assay for the metabolic ... #Diagnosis #Nutrition
Causes of Polyneuropathy - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Metabolic: DM, Hypothyroidism, CKD, Cirrhosis, Nutritional deficiency
 •
- Differential Diagnosis ... Algorithm • Metabolic ... CKD, Cirrhosis, Nutritional ... deficiency • Toxic ... Heavy metals, Vitamin
Scurvy (Vitamin C Deficiency) - Diagnosis and Management

Vitamin C is required for hydroxylation of proline residues
C Deficiency) - ... Diagnosis and Management ... C deficiency can ... #Pathophysiology ... #Nutrition #Diagnosis
Ketosis Disorders
Ketone bodies are a normal metabolic energy source. Excessive unregulated production of ketones, often accompanied
bodies are a normal metabolic ... fatty acid (FA) metabolism ... • Diabetic ketoacidosis ... #differential #diagnosis ... #management #endocrinology
Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis (EuDKA)
SGLT2 Inhibitors
Increasing Indications
Significant Adverse Drug Effects
Definition of EuDKA
 • Metabolic acidosis with pH
Euglycemic Diabetic ... Definition of EuDKA • Metabolic ... level < 200 mg/dL Pathophysiology ... Ketoacidosis #EuDKA #diagnosis ... #management #endocrinology
Acquired Disorders of Reduced Bone Strength: Pathogenesis
 • Hyperparathyroidism
 • Vitamin D deficiency
 • Malabsorption syndromes
Hyperparathyroidism • Vitamin ... D deficiency ... syndromes • Chronic metabolic ... • Smoking • Diabetes ... #differential #diagnosis
Low Alkaline Phosphatase - Hypophosphatasia 

Is Low Alkaline Phosphatase Of Clinical Importance?

ALP enzyme- Discovered in 1923
Low
Most cases diagnosed ... • Vitamin C deficiency ... Pernicious anemia/B12 deficiency ... collection with EDTA Pathophysiology ... Nephrolithiasis • Metabolic