13 results
Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

DKA is a result of an absolute or relative insulin
of Diabetic Ketoacidosis ... relative insulin deficiency ... of carbohydrate metabolism ... state and fat metabolism ... #Endocrinology
Refeeding Syndrome Overview

What Is It?
	• Electrolyte/fluid shifts caused by initiation of nutrition in severely malnourished patient.
from hormonal and metabolic ... Poorly controlled diabetes ... D deficiency ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Pathophysiology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
- Differential Diagnosis ... • Recent IV potassium ... (Uncontrolled diabetes ... infusions) - Metabolic ... #causes #potassium
Ketosis Disorders
Ketone bodies are a normal metabolic energy source. Excessive unregulated production of ketones, often accompanied
bodies are a normal metabolic ... fatty acid (FA) metabolism ... • Diabetic ketoacidosis ... #differential #diagnosis ... #management #endocrinology
Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis (EuDKA)
SGLT2 Inhibitors
Increasing Indications
Significant Adverse Drug Effects
Definition of EuDKA
 • Metabolic acidosis with pH
Euglycemic Diabetic ... Definition of EuDKA • Metabolic ... level < 200 mg/dL Pathophysiology ... Ketoacidosis #EuDKA #diagnosis ... #management #endocrinology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
- Differential Diagnosis ... • Recent IV potassium ... (Uncontrolled diabetes ... infusions) - Metabolic ... #causes #potassium
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison's Disease - Damage of the adrenal glands with lack of cortisol, androgens and
Hypoparathyroidism - Type 1 diabetes ... Serum DHEAS Diagnosis ... Check sodium, potassium ... addisons #disease #endocrinology ... #diagnosis #signs
Acquired Disorders of Reduced Bone Strength: Pathogenesis
 • Hyperparathyroidism
 • Vitamin D deficiency
 • Malabsorption syndromes
Hyperparathyroidism • Vitamin ... D deficiency ... syndromes • Chronic metabolic ... • Smoking • Diabetes ... #differential #diagnosis
Low Alkaline Phosphatase - Hypophosphatasia 

Is Low Alkaline Phosphatase Of Clinical Importance?

ALP enzyme- Discovered in 1923
Low
Most cases diagnosed ... • Vitamin C deficiency ... Pernicious anemia/B12 deficiency ... collection with EDTA Pathophysiology ... Nephrolithiasis • Metabolic
Anosmia / Smell Dysfunction - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Nasal Obstruction/ URTI:
 • Septal Deviation
 • Allergic Rhinitis
- Differential Diagnosis ... Fracture Endocrine / Metabolic ... Alcoholism • Diabetes ... Hyperfunction • Vitamin ... B12 Deficiency