13 results
Patterns of pulmonary dysfunction revealed by flow-volume loops. For comparison, a normal loop is shown with
For comparison, ... a normal loop is ... Diagnosis #PFTs #Spirometry ... #FlowVolume #Loops ... #Normal #pulmonary
Asthma vs COPD Presentation and Diagnosis
Asthma:
 • Epidemiology: Age usually < 45, History (personal or family)
spirometry - FEV1 ... often normal or ... near normal between ... spirometry - FEV1 ... #Asthma #COPD #comparison
Forced vital capacity (FVC) curves comparing normal, obstructive, and restrictive disorders. Curves are as they appear
curves comparing normal ... commonly available spirometers ... Diagnosis #Pulmonary #Spirometry ... #Restrictive #Normal ... #Comparison
Asthma
Chronic lung disease characterized by airway inflammation, airway and variable expiratory air flow obstruction
There are 2
obstruction: • FEV1 ... 0.70 or lower • FEV1 ... lower limit of normal ... Reversibility on spirometry ... or greater in FEV
Flow Volume Loops - Common Patterns
A. Normal
B. Emphysema
C. Unilateral Main Stem Bronchial Obstruction
D. Fixed Upper Airway
Normal B. ... Diagnosis #PFTs #Spirometry ... #FlowVolume #Loops
Pulmonary Function Testing: Flow Volume Loop Patterns
 • Variable extra-thoracic obstruction - truncated or flattened inspiratory
Pulmonary Function ... and persevered FEV1 ... flow with reduced FEV1 ... nickmmark #FlowVolume
Types of Urinary Diversion Procedures
Ileal Conduit:
 • Technically simpler, fewer complications, and well understood. No bladder
to near-normal ... Neobladder: • Normal ... to near-normal ... operative sexual function ... Procedures #Types #Comparison
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
Ringers (LR) vs Normal ... Saline (NS) - Comparison ... pancreatitis Normal ... coagulopathy - functional ... #Saline #NS #comparison
The 4 Variants of Sinus Arrhythmia
Phasic Sinus Arrhythmia:
 • The rate increases with respiration and decreases
PR interval are normal ... physiological function ... variants #clinical #comparison
CHA2DS2VASc vs HAS-BLED scores for stroke risk and bleed risk on anticoagulation

C	Congestive Heart Failure	1

H	Hypertension	1

A2	Age >75	2

D	Diabetes Mellitus	1

S2	Stroke,
hypertension 1 A Abnormal ... renal/liver function ... CHADS2VASc #HASBLED #Comparison