10 results
Urinalysis & Urine Sodium 
Theophilus Protospatharius, a seventh-century physician who wrote the first manuscript focused exclusively
urine #UNa #casts #glucosuria
Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis
Solute Diuresis
 • Na intake/saline
 • Glucosuria: Hyperglycemia, SGLT-2 inhibitors
 • Urea: Exogenous
intake/saline • Glucosuria
Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)
Absolute Insulin deficit:
 - Type I DM:
Hyperglycemia → Glucosuria
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L
High
., mannitol, glucosuria
Inherited Defects in Kidney Tubule Epithelial Cells

Renal glucosuria - Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter
Cystinuria - Amino acid transporter
Bartter
Cells Renal glucosuria
Ketosis Disorders
Ketone bodies are a normal metabolic energy source. Excessive unregulated production of ketones, often accompanied
Glucosuria causes
There are similarities and differences between these 3 conditions which all carry treatment implications. Each mimic
> 250 mg/dl or Glucosuria ... 250 mg/dl and Glucosuria
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
• Polyuria, Glucosuria
Urine Specific Gravity - Interpretation
Specific Gravity = Density of urine / Density of water
SG close to
• Cirrhosis • Glycosuria
Pathophysiology of Euglycemic DKA in SGLT2 Inhibitors
 • Kidney: Glycosuria, Natriuresis, ↑ Ketone bodies reabsorption
 •
Inhibitors • Kidney: Glycosuria