Causes of Hypercalcemia Parathyroid gland structure-related • Primary hyperparathyroidism • Parathyroid adenoma • Parathyroid hyperplasia • Parathyroid carcinoma (may be part of multiple endocrine neoplasia) Parathyroid gland function-related • Lithium use • Calcium-sensing receptor-gene mutations causing familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia Vitamin D metabolic disorders • Excessive vitamin D intake • Sarcoidosis (elevated 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D) Increased bone turnover • Immobilization • Excessive vitamin A intake • Hyperthyroidism • Paget's disease of bone Malignancy • Hematological malignancies • Multiple myeloma (bone turnover) • Osteolytic metastases: thyroid, breast, lung, renal, adrenal, prostate (release of calcitriol, or PTHrP) • Non-small-cell lung cancer • Renal cell carcinoma • Pheochromocytoma Chronic kidney disease • Tertiary hyperparathyroidism • Aluminium intoxication Dietary • Milk-alkali syndrome #Hypercalcemia #Causes #endocrinology #diagnosis #differential
