Josefina Alonso @josefinaalonso on GrepMed

Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings Mild Non-proliferative DR • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or endothelial buds attempting to re-vascularize the ischemic retina -> Micro-aneurysms Moderate Non-proliferative DR • Weakened BRB allows for rupture into the deeper retinal layers -> Dot/blot Hemorrhages • Yellow lipid deposits with sharp margins due to lipoproteins and other proteins leaking through the damaged BRB -> Hard Exudates • Nerve fiber layer infarcts from occlusions of the precapillary arterioles -> Cotton-wool spots Severe Non-proliferative DR • Retinal hemorrhages occurring in the more superficial nerve layer -> Flame Hemorrhages • Focal areas of saccular venous bulges due to significant retinal ischemia -> Venous beading Proliferative DR • Localized retinal ischemia causes upregulation of VEGF causing fine, irregular, and easilyfriable neovascularization in the disc, macula, and/or retina -> Neovascularization #Diabetic #Retinopathy #Diabetes #ophthalmology #diagnosis #complications #pathophysiology

Blurry Vision - Differential Diagnosis Framework Anatomical Approach to Eye Disease: 1. Lids/Lashes 2. Extraocular Muscles/Motility 3. Conjunctiva/Sclera 4. Cornea 5. Anterior Chamber 6. Iris 7. Lens 8. Vitreous 9. Optic Nerve/Pathway/Chiasm 10. Retina 11. Refractive Errors 12. Ocular Adverse Effects of Systemic Medications 13. Trauma Cornea/Iris: • Keratitis • Corneal abrasion • Astigmatism • Hyphema • Laceration • Ulcer • Iritis Conjunctiva/Uvea: • Conjunctivitis • Uveitis Lens: • Cataracts • Lens edema • Lens dislocation • Presbyopia • Hyperglycemia Vitreous: • Floaters Orbit: • Orbital cellulitis • Endophthalmitis • Scleritis Optic Pathway: • Inflammation • Optic neuritis • Tumor • Optic nerve swelling Retina: • Detachment • Macular degeneration • Diabetic retinopathy • Macular hole • Hypertensive retinopathy • Central retinal vein occlusion - Retinal vein occlusions are much more common than retinal arterial occlusions Optic Chiasm Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Visual Cortex: • CVA/TIA • Malignancy • Concussion Other Causes of Blurry Vision: • Migraine • Acute angle-closure glaucoma • GCA • Adie’s pupil • Glaucoma • Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) (Initial blurry vision → visual loss) • Medications (anticholinergics etc) • Alcohol intoxication • Sjögren’s syndrome • Hypervitaminosis A • Carbon monoxide poisoning • Central retinal vein occlusion (Retinal vein occlusions are much more common than retinal arterial occlusions) • Branch retinal vein occlusions Blurry Vision Red Flags: • Sudden change in vision • Eye pain (with or without eye movement) • Visual field defect (by history or examination) • Visible abnormality of the retina or optic disk • HIV/AIDS or other immunosuppressive disorder • Systemic disorder causing retinopathy (sickle cell anemia, possible hyperviscosity syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, multiple myeloma) #Blurry #Vision #differential #diagnosis #ophthalmology #causes

Uveitis - Definition, Causes and SUN Classification Inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, vitreous, retina and/or choroid Incidence : 17-52 cases/year per 100,000 inhabitants Prevalence : 38-204 cases per 100,000 inhabitants 3rd leading cause of preventable blindness, linked to macular edema, secondary glaucoma and retinal ischemia Causes of uveitis Inflammatory : HLA B27-related uveitis, sarcoidosis, Behcet, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada, IBD, multiple sclerosis Infectious : tuberculosis, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, Lyme, Bartonella SUN Classification: Anterior, Intermediate, Posterior, Panuveitis Dr. Benjamin Terrier @ https://twitter.com/TerrierBen #Uveitis #Causes #SUN #Classification #Differential #Diagnosis #Ophthalmology #Rheumatology

Argyll Robertson Pupil Definition: - Irregular and small (1-2mm) pupil - Light-near dissociation (accommodation remains intact) - Usually bilateral - Abscent pupillary dilation in response to: Dark, Mydriatics Diseases: Neurosyphilis (first description and classical association), Wernicke Encephalopathy By Dr. Gabriela Figueiredo Pucci @gabifpucci @neudrawlogy #Argyll #Robertson #Pupil #neurology #diagnosis #ophthalmology #physicalexam

Most ophthalmic drop caps are color coordinated with their pharmacologic class. Here is a color-coded chart with list of commonly prescribed ophthalmic drops. (note: this is not a complete list). #Ophthalmic #EyeDrops #Color #Classification #DrugClass #Caps #gtt #Pharmacology #Ophthalmology

Algorithm for the Evaluation of the Red and Painful Eye 1. External 2. Lids and Lashes 3. Conjunctiva and Sclera 4. Cornea 5. Anterior Chamber 6. Vitreous Dr. Tom Fadial https://twitter.com/thame #RedEye #Painful #Algorithm #Diagnosis #Differential #Anatomy #Ophthalmology

Red Eye Comparison Viral Conjunctivitis - Bacterial Conjunctivitis - Allergic Conjunctivitis - Dry Eyes Episcleritis - Scleritis - Anterior Uveitis - Acute angle closure glaucoma - Dr. Eric Strong @DrEricStrong - Strong Medicine https://www.youtube.com/c/EricsMedicalLectures/ #RedEye #Comparison #table #diagnosis #ophthalmology

Retinal Detachment Floaters - Cobweb appearance Photopsia - Flash of light Visual field defect - Flash of light #Retinal #Detachment #Diagnosis #Ophthalmology #Signs

Conjunctivitis is broken down into viral, bacterial, and allergic conjunctivitis #Diagnosis #Ophthalmology #Conjunctivitis #Viral #Allergic #Bacterial #Comparison #Table

Hyphema - Blood in the Anterior Chamber - Grading #Hyphema #Grading #Grades #Classification #Ophthalmology #Diagnosis #Management #Ocular