#Transfusion Reactions

#transfusion reactions

Dizziness and lightheadedness are common complaints that you'll encounter as a medical professional. The goal of the approach is quick identification of, or ruling out, the causes that require urgent treatments like strokes. Quick and accurate neurological assessment is key, but dont forget to assess for non-neurological causes like ACS! #Dizziness #lightheadedness #stroke #HiNTS #nystagmus #saccade #vertigo #migraine

Syncope is a sudden, transient loss of consciousness, which is thought to be secondary to cerebral hypoperfusion. It can be divided into cardiac syncope, e.g., due to arrhythmias or structural heart disease (potentially life-threatening), and noncardiac syncope, which includes frequently benign causes such as reflex syncope (due to vasovagal responses or carotid sinus syndrome) and orthostatic syncope. The diagnostic approach is focused on determining if loss of consciousness was due to syncope (ruling out differential diagnoses), ruling out immediately life-threatening causes of syncope, and determining the risk of serious adverse events from syncope, which further guide management and disposition. This involves obtaining a detailed history and performing a physical examination, including orthostatic vital sign measurements and an initial ECG. Further diagnostics should be guided by clinical suspicion of the underlying disease. In many cases, syncope is multifactorial and it is not possible to determine a specific etiology. The treatment strategy depends on the cause. #Syncope #lossofconsciousness #cerebralhypoperfusion #arrhythmias #structuralheartdisease #noncardiacsyncope #reflexsyncope #vasovagal #carotidsinussyndrome #orthostaticsyncope

The hematopoietic tree and the resulting leukemias and lymphomas The hematopoietic tree refers to the hierarchical organization of blood cells and their precursor cells, which arise from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HSCs have the remarkable ability to self-renew and differentiate into all types of blood cells. This process takes place in the bone marrow and is essential for maintaining a healthy immune system. The hematopoietic tree branches into different lineages, including myeloid and lymphoid. The myeloid lineage gives rise to red blood cells, platelets, and various types of white blood cells, such as granulocytes and monocytes. The lymphoid lineage, on the other hand, gives rise to B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, which are crucial components of the immune system. Leukemias and lymphomas are malignant disorders that arise when there is an uncontrolled growth and accumulation of abnormal cells within the hematopoietic system. Leukemias primarily affect the bone marrow and result in the excessive production of immature blood cells. Lymphomas, on the other hand, involve the abnormal growth of lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, or NK cells) in lymphoid tissues, such as lymph nodes and spleen. Leukemias are further classified into acute and chronic types based on the rate of disease progression. Acute leukemias develop rapidly and are characterized by the presence of immature, abnormal cells called blasts. Chronic leukemias progress more slowly, with mature but abnormal cells accumulating over time. Lymphomas are broadly categorized into two main types: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). HL is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are large abnormal cells found within the lymph nodes. NHL encompasses a diverse group of lymphomas that do not have Reed-Sternberg cells and are further classified into various subtypes based on their characteristics. Hashtags: #HematopoieticTree #Leukemias #Lymphomas #BloodCells #BoneMarrow #ImmuneSystem #MyeloidLineage #LymphoidLineage #AcuteLeukemia #ChronicLeukemia #HodgkinLymphoma #NonHodgkinLymphoma

Starting a new series for M3/4s & interns with @Noor4Neurology on some guidance before you consult on some common problems. First up: headaches! The workup of a patient with headache typically involves a systematic approach to rule out life threatening etiologies and identify the underlying cause and guide appropriate treatment. Here is a general outline of the workup process: #MedEd #MedTwitter #neurotwitter #Headache #Migraine #TensionHeadache #ClusterHeadache

Dyspnea. A systems based approach from @DocMartins94 The workup of a patient with dyspnea (shortness of breath) typically involves a systematic approach to identify the underlying cause and guide appropriate treatment. Here is a general outline of the workup process: #Dyspnea #ShortnessOfBreath #BreathingDifficulty #CantBreathe #LaboredBreathing #RespiratoryDistress #DifficultyInBreathing #Breathlessness #StrugglingToBreathe #OutOfBreath #Wheezing #ChestTightness #Suffocation #AirHunger #BreathAwareness #BreathingProblems #RespiratorySymptoms #LungHealth #PulmonaryFunction

Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a rare but potentially serious adverse reaction that has been reported following vaccination with certain COVID-19 vaccines. It is characterized by the formation of blood clots in small blood vessels, combined with a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). Symptoms of VITT may include shortness of breath, chest pain, leg swelling, skin discoloration, abdominal pain, and neurological symptoms such as confusion or difficulty speaking. The exact cause of VITT is not fully understood, but it is known to be mediated by the formation of anti-PF4 antibodies which cause platelet activation via FcyRIIA. Note that while the diagram shows that antibodies against the spike protein, data suggests it is antigens within the vector (ChAdOx1 or Ad26-CoV-2S) that generate anti-PF4 antibodies #VITT #Vaccine #Induced #immune #thrombotic #thrombocytopenia #COVID #pathophysiology

Major Mood Disorders #bipolar #cyclothymia #PDD #MDD #depression #manic #mania #dysthymia

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders Schizoaffective disorder • is Schizophreniform/Schizophrenia plus Manic or depressive symptoms. • Key is the finding of psychosis outside of mood episodes. • Duration of 2 weeks needed for diagnosis. Brief psychotic disorder. • 1 day of symptoms needed for diagnosis • Lasts less than 1 month. • Key is the finding of psychosis/delusion + impaired social and occupational functioning Delusional disorder. • Symptoms present for at least 1 month. • Key is the finding of psychosis/delusion w/o impaired social and occupational functioning Schizophreniform Disorder • Symptoms present for 1-6 months • Key is to distinguish between the negative symptoms of Schizophreniform/Schizophrenia and the major mood disorder of Schizoaffective disorder Schizophrenia Disorder • Symptoms present for at least 6 months • Key is to distinguish between the negative symptoms of Schizophreniform/Schizophrenia and the major mood disorder of Schizoaffective disorder #Schizophrenia #Schizophreniform #Brief #psychotic #disorder #Schizoaffective #Delusional