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Cold Agglutinin Disease

3 Types of Cold Sensitive Antibodies:
  1. Cold Agglutinins (CAD)
  2. Donath-Landsteiner
Cryoglobulins (Vasculitic ... Diagnosis: • hemolytic ... anemia • Cold ... #disease #hemolytic ... #anemia #hematology
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) - Differential Diagnosis Table

Warm AIHA (48-70%)
Cold AHA (16-32%)
 • Donath-Landsteiner HA (paroxysmal
Autoimmune Hemolytic ... Anemia (AIHA) - ... hemoglobinuria) • Cold Agglutinin ... Disease Mixed-type ... #Table #hematology
Hemolytic Anemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Sickle cells - Consider sickle cell disease (diverse genotypes):
Hemolytic Anemia ... - Differential Diagnosis ... Agglutination - Cold agglutinins ... cardiac valve, vasculitis ... #workup #hematology
Diagnostic Framework for Hemolysis - Intravascular vs Extravascular Causes
Intravascular Hemolysis:
 • Mechanical Trauma (Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia):
Diagnostic Framework ... anemia): ... . primary cold agglutin ... #differential #diagnosis ... #hematology #anemia
Common RBC Inclusions and Associations
 • Howell Jolly Bodies: Hyposplenism, Asplenism, Severe hemolytic anemia
 • Heinz
, Hemolytic anemia ... : Hemoglobin H disease ... , Sickle cell, MDS ... Inclusions #Bodies #diagnosis ... #hematology
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Morphology
Microcytic RBC: Pyridoxine deficiency, Thalassemia, Iron deficiency anemia, Chronic disease anemia (sometimes),
, MDS, Chemotherapy ... Microangiopathic Hemolytic ... Cold autoimmune hemolytic ... #differential #diagnosis ... #hematology #microscopy
Algorithmic Approach to Anemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework by MCV

Microcytic (MCV < 80) "TAILS":
 • Thalassemia
- Differential Diagnosis ... , CKD • Hemolytic ... Non-megaloblastic: Liver disease ... Reticulocytosis, MDS ... #hematology
Rheumatoid Arthritis Summary
MCP and PIP Involvement, Spares DIP, Carpal Tunnel, Sicca Syndrome, Epi/Scleritis, Heart Disease, Rheumatoid
Rheumatoid Arthritis ... Scleritis, Heart Disease ... , Rheumatoid Vasculitis ... #RA #diagnosis ... #rheumatology #signs
Clinical Features of Systemic Lupus (SLE)
General: Fever (50%), Depression, Fatigue (75%), Weight loss (50%)
Eye: Sjögrens (15%)
Skin
Butterfly rash, Vasculitis ... of hip (rare), Arthritis ... ) Blood (75%): Anemia ... erythematosus #signs ... #symptoms #diagnosis
VEXAS (Vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, Autoinflammatory, Somatic) Syndrome
Clinical Syndrome:
 • Common Clinical Features: alveolitis, ear and
thromboembolic disease ... recurrent fevers, vasculitis ... • Hematologic ... Abnormalities: macrocytic anemia ... • giant cell arteritis