28 results
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison's Disease - Damage of the adrenal glands with lack of cortisol, androgens and
: • Salt craving ... PRA • ↓ Serum sodium ... Serum DHEAS Diagnosis ... Administer 250 mcg ... endocrinology #diagnosis
Primary Sjogren’s Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
• Primary Sjögren's is a solitary process whereas secondary Sjögren's
s Syndrome: Pathogenesis ... (SLE) Signs / Symptoms ... #Pathophysiology ... #Diagnosis #Signs ... #Symptoms
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology
Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
Pathophysiology ... autosomal recessive salt-losing ... thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride ... #Pathophysiology ... #nephrology #diagnosis
Modified Hyponatremia Algorithm
Hypertonic Hyponatremia: Hyperglycemia, Mannitol, Urologic irrigants
Hypotonic Hyponatremia: 
 • ADH ON (UOsm > 100):
Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... osmostat, Cerebral salt ... (UOsm < 100): Primary ... Hyponatremia #Algorithm #diagnosis ... #sodium #nephrology
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis by Mechanism
Decr Blood Pressure (“Decr Effective Circulating Volume”) 
 - Volume depletion
- Differential Diagnosis ... - Cirrhosis Syndrome ... - Cerebral salt ... renal failure - Primary ... Table #Causes #Sodium
Volume Based Approach to Hyponatremia
Hypovolemic, Serum uric acid >4
 • Urine Na <20: Extra-renal losses
 •
losses, Cerebral salt ... Glucocorticoid deficiency, Primary ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... Hyponatremia #algorithm #diagnosis ... #sodium #low #nephrology
Acute Spinal Cord Injuries: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Anterior Cord Syndrome -> Anterior spinal artery
Anterior Cord Syndrome ... Bladder retention -> Primarily ... hemicord lesion -> Primarily ... #diagnosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms
Liver Chemistry Tests - AST, ALT, Alkaline Phosphatase and Bilirubin Metabolism
AST and ALT:
 • AST: liver
CAST) • ALT: primarily ... Laboratory #Metabolism #ASTALT ... #AlkPhos #Bilirubin ... #Hepatology #Pathophysiology ... #Diagnosis #LFTs
Schematic representation of the major sources of ammonia production and its excretory pathway (GI = gastrointestinal,
Multiple myeloma, CML ... rare): - Reye syndrome ... (Peds) - Primary ... deficiency #Ammonia #Pathophysiology ... #Differential #Diagnosis
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
diuretic use, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... settings, the urine sodium ... the excretion of sodium ... #differential #diagnosis