80 results
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 
OF ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY. 

Primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency:
 - Tiredness, weakness, mental depression
and secondary adrenal ... nervous system symptoms ... Headache, visual symptoms ... Insufficiency #Signs #Symptoms ... #Addisons
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
GI Losses - Gastric
 • Vomiting
 • NG suction
GI
Non-reabsorbed anions ... Renin-Secreting Tumor Low ... Aldosterone-secreting mass • Adrenal ... aldosteronism Low ... Renin, Low Aldosterone
Hypocalcemia is an electrolyte imbalance and is indicated by a low level of calcium in the
indicated by a low ... hormone (PTH), your kidneys ... #pharmacology #mnemonic ... #overview #symptoms
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison's Disease - Damage of the adrenal glands with lack of cortisol, androgens and
• Weakness • Low-grade ... Androgens: • Symptoms ... physical: - Symptoms ... insufficiency #addisons ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
differentiating kidney ... syndrome, Congenital adrenal ... consumption • Low ... Non-reabsorbable anions ... potassium #nephrology #low
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Algorithm Extra-renal ... Normal Acid-Base: Low ... loss (Diarrhea) Renal ... Non-reabsorbable anions ... causes #potassium #low
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Low intake 
• poor oral intake 

Renal loss 
• Medication 
• Hypomagnesemia 
•
Diagnosis Algorithm Low ... oral intake Renal ... Nonreabsorbable anions ... • Renal tubular
Renal Infarction on POCUS

An illustrative case of renal infarction: Note that there is almost no color
Renal Infarction ... almost no color flow ... upper half of the kidney ... power Doppler flow ... clinical #ultrasound #kidney
NSAIDS and their effects on the Kidney - Pathophysiology

Arachidonic Acid metabolites into alternative pathways that modify
effects on the Kidney ... and decreased renal ... blood flow: Pre ... Nephritis Necrosis of kidney ... pathophysiology #renal
Metformin Pharmacology Summary
Mechanisms of Action:
 • Suppresses gluconeogenesis by the liver
 • Increases insulin-mediated glucose utilization
Metformin Pharmacology ... hypoglycemia • Low ... Contraindications: • Chronic kidney ... — mitigated by slow ... #Metformin #Pharmacology