26 results
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)
 - Pathophysiology not fully understood; possibly due to thrombus located in
Central Retinal ... located in the central ... Second most common cause ... disease (Most common cause ... Ophthalmology #Fundoscopy
Pathological Optic Disc Cupping

Note cup-to-disc ratio at least 0.8 (physiologic limit of 0.5).

Thinning of optic disc
Usual cause is glaucoma ... Glaucoma causes ... of optic nerve axons ... OpticDisc #Cupping #fundoscopy
Cotton Wool Spots

Caused by microinfarcts. Exploded ganglion cell axons extrude their axoplasm into retina. Long DDx:
Wool Spots Caused ... ganglion cell axons ... CottonWool #Spots #fundoscopy
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 
OF ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY. 

Primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency:
 - Tiredness, weakness, mental depression
Tiredness, weakness, mental ... hypotension - Nausea ... thyroid disease - Central ... Insufficiency #Addisons
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Inflammatory Disease: (i.e. GCA, SLE, GPA) ->
Central Retinal ... => Blockage of central ... retinal artery => Central ... retinal edema caused ... Ganglion cells and axons
Acute Atrial Fibrillation - Initial Options for Rate Control
Diltiazem IV
 •  Rapid onset and rapidly
Options for Rate Control ... immediate rate control ... IV bolus can cause ... • Does not cause ... #pharmacology #
Signs and Symptoms Associated With Different Headache Etiologies
 • Nonfocal mental status changes - Meningitis, encephalitis,
poisoning • Mental ... stroke • Severe nausea ... pulsations on funduscopy ... vasoconstriction syndrome, central ... signs #symptoms #clues
Effects on body weight of various classes of type-2 diabetes medications.
 - Metformin - Weight Loss
weight of various classes ... 4 inhibitors - Neutral ... weightgain #comparison #pharmacology
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO)
Anatomy: First branch of the internal carotid artery is the ophthalmic artery
Central Retinal ... Causes: - Carotid ... also important cause ... Ophthalmology #Fundoscopy ... #Central #Retinal
General Bacterial Antibiogram - Antibiotics and Spectrum of Coverage
Make sure you consult your local antibiogram!
VRE -
General Bacterial ... #Antibiotics #Classes ... Susceptibilities #Pharmacology