806 results
Unmeasured Anions Associated with an Elevated Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis

#Unmeasured #Anions #Gap #Metabolic #Acidosis #Diagnosis
Unmeasured Anions ... #Unmeasured #Anions ... Acidosis #Diagnosis #Nephrology ... #Differential #Causes
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Normal Acid-Base: Low ... Non-reabsorbable anions ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #low ... #nephrology
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
GI Losses - Gastric
 • Vomiting
 • NG suction
GI
Causes of Metabolic ... Non-reabsorbed anions ... aldosteronism Low ... MetabolicAlkalosis #NonGap #Nephrology ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Distribution of Magnesium in the Body
66% in Bones
33% in Muscles
1% in Serum
 • 60-70% Free (ionized)
10% Complexed w/ low ... molecular weight anions ... Distribution #Mg #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
wasting from other causes ... consumption • Low ... Non-reabsorbable anions ... differential #potassium #nephrology ... #low
Low Anion Gap - Various causes and mechanisms of a Low Anion Gap
 • Hypoalbuminemia (1gm
Low Anion Gap - ... Various causes and ... mechanisms of a Low ... #AnionGap #causes ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Low intake 
• poor oral intake 

Renal loss 
• Medication 
• Hypomagnesemia 
•
Diagnosis Algorithm Low ... Nonreabsorbable anions ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Simplified Approach to Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
1) IS THIS AN EMERGENCY? 
Is there a dialysis indication
require urgent nephrology ... : Hypovolemia, Low ... are caused by prerenal ... CONSIDER INTRINSIC CAUSES ... workup #diagnosis #nephrology
Hypoxia and Hypoxemia - Overview
Hypoxia - insufficient oxygen delivered to tissues to meet demands
Hypoxemia - low
demands Hypoxemia - low ... of hypoxia) - Low ... SvO2 → Low PaO2 ... CaO2 → Low SvO2 ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Pathological Optic Disc Cupping

Note cup-to-disc ratio at least 0.8 (physiologic limit of 0.5).

Thinning of optic disc
Usual cause is glaucoma ... Glaucoma causes ... slow death of optic ... nerve axons and