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HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND)

Definition:
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive disorders categories:
• Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment
• Mild neurocognitive impairment
• HIV dementia

Pathophysiology:
HIV frequently
and infects the CNS ... The clinical syndrome ... dysfunction like gait ... #dementia #AIDS ... #Neurology
Localizing Extraocular Movement Disorders
 • CN Ill (Oculomotor) Nerve Palsy 
 • CN IV (Trochlear) Nerve
Extraocular Movement Disorders ... IV (Trochlear) ... One-and-a-half Syndrome ... Skew Deviation Casey ... ophthalmology #neurology
Dropped Foot Gait - Paralysis of Dorsal Flexion of the Foot.
When trying to walk the tip
peripheral motor neuron disorders ... peroneal nerve, which causes ... the foot, the patient ... the thigh on the hip ... #Neurology #PhysicalExam
CNS Infection in HIV / AIDS - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Principles of HIV-Associated CNS Opportunistic Infections:
 •
reactivation of latent ... Suspect in movement disorders ... Demyelinating disease caused ... , limb ataxia, gait ... InfectiousDiseases #Neurology
The Stages of Syphilis 

Primary Syphilis 
- The chancre lesion is the hallmark of primary syphilis.
soles in 50% of cases ... and nephrotic syndrome ... have positive serology ... tabes dorsalis, gait ... impairments, and dementia
Spinal Cord Disorders - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Spinal cord neurological lesion:
Clinical findings:
 • Symptoms and signs below
of injury • Gait ... Non-compressive Spinal Cord Causes ... , HIV, CMV, HTLV ... MCTD, Sjogren syndrome ... #diagnosis #neurology
Neurological Manifestations of Tuberculosis
Spinal Arachnoiditis & Polyradiculopathy:
 • Subacute onset of limb weakness, bladder/bowel dysfunction, muscle
Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome ... (IRIS): • In HIV ... the tuberculoma (later ... neurological symptoms • Caused ... differential #TB #neurology
Transverse Myelitis Overview

Focal inflammatory disorder of the spinal cord resulting in rapid onset of weakness, sensory
that results in CNS ... Hyperreflexia develops later ... • Infectious causes ... simplex virus, HIV ... diagnosis #management #neurology
Hearing Loss - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Hearing Loss Types:
• Conductive
• Sensorineural
• Mixed
Presbycusis is the most common type
include a: • Neurologic ... cause unknown) ... II ○ Susac’s syndrome ... Mitochondrial disorders ... zoster virus ○ HIV