58 results
Risk Factors and Signs of Copper Deficiency
Risk Factors:
 • Gastrointestinal: Previous upper bowel resection/bariatric surgery, Inflammatory
Risk Factors and Signs ... • Nutritional: ... , Malnutrition Signs ... Optic neuropathy, Ataxia ... Deficiency #diagnosis #signs
Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Risk factor for Late Onset Alzheimer's (99% of cases):
 - Increasing
Alzheimer’s Disease ... chromosome 21) Signs ... incontinence, apraxia ... AlzheimersDisease #Dementia #pathophysiology ... geriatrics #diagnosis #signs
Causes of Gait Disturbance - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Sporadic
 • Vascular
 • Infection
 • Toxic
 • Nutrition
Causes of Gait Disturbance ... • Toxic • Nutrition ... Degenerative Sensory Ataxia ... Spinocerebellar Ataxia ... • Friedrich's Ataxia
Osteoporosis: Pathogenesis and risk factors

 • Age > 30 (post-peak bone mass)
 • Post-menopausal women ->
Leukemia) • GI diseases ... liver or kidney disease ... decr activity, nutrition ... #Osteoporosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms
Clinically Important Vitamins and Vitamin Deficiency States
Fat-soluble Vitamins: 
 • Vitamin A - Xerophthalmia, night blindness,
Haemolytic anaemia, ataxia ... differential #diagnosis #signs ... #symptoms #nutrition
Micronutrient Deficiencies After Gastric Bypass
Fat-Soluble Vitamins:
 • Vitamin A - Night/complete blindness, xeropthalmia (pathologic dryness of
Vitamin D - Bone disease ... • Thiamine - Nausea ... dysfunction, gait ataxia ... sensory neuropathy, ataxia ... Bypass #vitamin #nutrition
Hypothyroidism – symptoms and signs.

Symptoms: 
Tiredness/malaise, 
Weight gain,
Anorexia,
Cold intolerance, 
Poor memory,
Change in appearance, 
Depression, 
Poor libido,
– symptoms and signs ... , Deafness Signs ... Psychosis/dementia, Ataxia ... Hypothyroid #Features #Signs ... #PhysicalExam #Endocrinology
Anticonvulsants as Mood Stabilizers: Mechanism and Side-effect
Examples: Valproate, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine
 • Mild anticholinergic effect -> Drowsiness
Dose-dependent tremor, ataxia ... dizziness, diplopia, ataxia ... Systemic effect -> Nausea ... #SideEffects #Pathophysiology
Causes of Tremors - Movement Disorders - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Action Tremor - Occurs During Voluntary Muscle
Causes of Tremors ... • Cerebellar Disease ... spinocerebellar ataxia ... • Parkinson's Disease ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Refeeding Syndrome: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Patients at Risk of Refeeding Syndrome:
 - Little or no nutritional
- Little or no nutritional ... CNS: Tremors, Ataxia ... Syndrome #diagnosis #pathophysiology ... #symptoms #signs