17 results
Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
According to Volume Status ... - Nephrotic syndrome ... - Acute and ... chronic kidney disease ... Drugs - SIADH Renal
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Patients with Cancer 

Cancer Related 
• Hypercalcemia 
• Intravenous contrast 
•
Acute Kidney Injury ... gammopathy of renal ... malignancies Treatment ... Differential #Diagnosis #Classification ... #Nephrology
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus

Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus:
 - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
Classification of ... Acquired - Primary renal ... uropathy, Metabolic ... causes (e.g., hypokalemia ... Treatment is aimed
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
hypokalemia and metabolic ... Stage 2 hypertension ... Stage 3 hypertension ... disease: CKD, acute ... Neurologic disorders
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
Acute or chronic ... Compensation, Acute ... D-lactate (short bowel syndrome ... restrictive lung disease ... Diagnosis #Summary #Nephrology
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) Overview

Clinico-Radiological Syndrome, characterized by:
 • Headache
 • Seizures
 • Altered mental
Shock, Autoimmune disease ... Immunosuppressive agents, Renal ... Drug toxicity, Metabolic ... , ADEM, Acute toxic ... • Treatment of
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis
ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L
 • Gastric alkalosis:
Causes of Metabolic ... chloridorrhea) • Status ... postchronic hypercapnia (acute ... diuretics after renal ... #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
resistance • Metabolic ... Torsemide) • Acute ... caused by Ca2+ ... hyperaldosteronism • Acute ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
 • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... after starvation, Acute ... steatorrhea) • Renal ... disease • Drugs ... Hypercalcemic states
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
- Tumor lysis syndrome ... - Hyperosmolar states ... infusions) - Metabolic ... • Addison’s disease ... differential #diagnosis #causes