8 results
Risk Factors and Signs of Copper Deficiency
Risk Factors:
 • Gastrointestinal: Previous upper bowel resection/bariatric surgery, Inflammatory
disease, Chronic diarrhoea ... Wilson's disease • Metabolic ... , Excess alcohol ... Musculoskeletal: Low ... Copper #Deficiency #diagnosis
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
- Differential Diagnosis ... intake • Metabolic ... Gl tract loss (Diarrhea ... secreting tumor, Primary ... #nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Urinary Chloride
 • Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
- Differential Diagnosis ... Algorithm - Urinary ... Congenital chloride diarrhea ... - Normal/low ... ketoacidosis, Alcoholic
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
- Urinary Chloride ... alkalosis • Normal/low ... ketoacidosis • Alcoholic ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology ... #differential #diagnosis
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Laxative use • Diarrhea ... mEq/g suggests urinary ... #Hypokalemia #diagnosis ... differential #potassium #nephrology ... #low
Refeeding Syndrome Overview

What Is It?
	• Electrolyte/fluid shifts caused by initiation of nutrition in severely malnourished patient.
initiation of nutrition ... from hormonal and metabolic ... History of excessive alcohol ... Palpitations • Diarrhea ... #Differential #Diagnosis
Normal Anion-Gap Acidosis (NAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Workup

NAGMA
- Chem, ABG or VBG
- Calculate Anion
- Differential Diagnosis ... pH Calculate Urinary ... Loss of HCO3 - Diarrhea ... NonAnionGap #Acidosis #Metabolic ... #Workup #nephrology
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
 • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
biliary fistula, Diarrhea ... intoxication, Alcohol ... #differential #diagnosis ... #nephrology #magnesium ... #low