9 results
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup

Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration.
Step 2.  Check plasma osmolality.
NORMAL PLASMA
Hypernatremia Diagnosis ... Repeat the sodium ... mmol/L - true hyponatremia ... volume loss - diarrhea ... renal failure #Hypernatremia
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L
High
Causes of Hypernatremia ... Hypernatremia ... water loss, Serum Sodium ... loss • Watery Diarrhea ... Hyperventilation #Hypernatremia
Hyponatremia - Differential Algorithm
Isotonic Hyponatremia: Hyperlipidemia, Hyperproteinemia, Recent TURP
Hypotonic Hyponatremia: 
 • Hypovolemia: Diuretics/Nephropathies, Vomiting, Diarrhea,
Hyponatremia - Differential ... Hyponatremia: Hyperlipidemia ... Nephropathies, Vomiting, Diarrhea ... #diagnosis #causes ... #low
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm

1) Check Urine Osmolality:
 > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Hypernatremia - ... Extrarenal Hypernatremia ... Ingestion Renal Hypernatremia ... MatthewHoMD #Hypernatremia ... #sodium
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... losses, Vomiting, Diarrhea ... Cardiac failure #Hyponatremia ... #Causes #nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
Urinary Chloride Algorithm ... alkalosis • Normal/low ... the indicated causes ... settings, the urine sodium ... the excretion of sodium
Heat Illnesses and Heat Stroke - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Heat Cramps:
 • Muscle pain or spasm -
Dehydration - Loss of sodium ... heat illness → Hypernatremia ... Abdominal cramps, N/V, diarrhea ... , Vomiting, Diarrhea ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Lung Infections in HIV - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Disease by CD4 Count:
Any CD4 Count:
 • Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
(It's usually low ... pain, chronic diarrhea ... vomiting, and diarrhea ... • Hyponatremia ... factor • May cause
Bulimia Nervosa: Complications
GASTROINTESTINAL
 • Dehydration & inability to digest food -> Constipation
 • Recurrent vomiting exposes
hormonal imbalances (low ... hormone levels cause ... loss of HCO3- in diarrhea ... hypochloremia, hypernatremia