20 results
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Primary Metabolic ... Alkalosis - Differential ... Cl-: Diuretics, Bartter ... aldosteronism #Metabolic ... #Causes
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
wasting from other causes ... Pressure: - Metabolic ... Alkalosis: Emesis ... , Diuretics, Bartter ... Hippurate - Metabolic
Hypokalemia Differential Algorithm
Acidosis
 - RTA
 - Diarrhea
pH Normal 
 1. Decreased Mg 
 2. Intracellular Shift
Hypokalemia Differential ... Periodic paralysis Alkalosis ... Metabolic alkalosis ... Algorithm #Diagnosis #Causes ... #Workup #Nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Low intake • Metabolic ... Renal Losses: • Metabolic ... thiazide diuretics, Bartter ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
Metabolic Alkalosis ... Cl- responsive metabolic ... diuretic use, Bartter ... the indicated causes ... #Metabolic #Alkalosis
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia ... tubal acidosis and metabolic ... alkalosis, Ketonuria ... #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
tubule (DCT) Clinical ... hypomagnesemia • Metabolic ... alkalosis • Normal ... Hypochloremic metabolic ... alkalosis • Hypocalciuria
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis
ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L
 • Gastric alkalosis:
Causes of Metabolic ... actively working • Bartter ... thiazide-sensitive site) Metabolic ... after fasting #Metabolic ... #nephrology
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
hypertension and signs ... and metabolic alkalosis ... 109 mm Hg) with clinical ... renal bruit or signs ... Neurologic disorders
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Primary Metabolic ... Alkalosis - Differential ... Cl-: Diuretics, Bartter ... aldosterone escape #Metabolic ... #Causes