841 results
High Output Heart Failure - Pathophysiology and Differential Diagnosis
Obesity - Systemic Vasodilation, Vasoactive Adipokines
Arteriovenous Fistula -
Heart Failure - Pathophysiology ... Anemia - Increased CO ... HeartFailure #CHF #Pathophysiology
Benzodiazepines: Mechanism of Action and Side Effects
 • Decr spinal cord activity -> Muscle relaxant
- Rare unless co-ingestion ... #Pharmacology #pathophysiology
Oxygen Delivery Equation
DO2 = CO x {(1.39 x Hb x sO2) + (PaO2 x 0.03)}
DO2 =
Equation DO2 = CO ... delivery in mL/min CO ... Cardiac output (CO ... Delivery #Equation #pathophysiology
Pathophysiology of Hepatorenal Syndrome - Dilation of splanchnic arteries initially compensated by increased CO eventually decompensates
Pathophysiology ... compensated by increased CO
Features of a Sickle Cell Crisis 
Sickle-cell disease - an autosomal recessive blood disorder.
Characterized by red
The underlying pathophysiology ... patients with co-existent
Anorexia Nervosa: Signs and Symptoms
Binge/Purge Subtype - Recurrent (once per week) episodes of binge-eating or purging,
binge eating) • Co-morbidity ... Excessive exercise • Co-morbidity ... AnorexiaNervosa #pathophysiology
Humoral Immunity - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Antigens (Ag) are produced from pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)
fragment bind B cell co-receptor ... Humoral #Immunity #pathophysiology
Shock Classification and Differential Diagnosis
SHOCK
 • MAP <65, SBP <90, drop in SBP > 40
 •
Distributive: • High CO ... Cardiogenic: • Low CO ... Obstructive: • Low CO ... Hypovolemic: • Low CO
Shock - Differential Diagnosis Framework
MAP = CO x SVR
Hypovolemic (↓ Intravascular volume):
 • Hemorrhage, dehydration due
Framework MAP = CO ... third-spacing • ↓ CO ... arrhythmia • ↓ CO ... PE, PAH • ↓ CO ... drugs/toxins • ↑ CO
POCUS - Measuring Cardiac Output
1) Calculate LVOT Area
2) Calculate LVOT VTI
3) Calculate Cardiac Output

SV = (LVOT
) x (LVOT VTI) CO ... LVOT VTI) X HR CO ... Cardiac #Output #CO