21 results
Podocytopathies - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

No podocytopenia - EM shows minimal change disease
 • Minimal Change Nephropathy
Podocytopenia
• FSGS NOS Podocyte ... Sclerosis • High - Collapsing ... Podocytopathy #podocytes
Glomerular Diseases - Nephritic and Nephrotic Syndromes

Nephritic syndrome—due to GBM disruption. 
Hypertension. t BUN and creatinine.
Nephrotic yndrome—podocyte ... 10 (eg direct podocyte ... damage) or 20 (podocyte
Spectrum of Glomerular Diseases
Nephrotic - Mechanism:
 • Injury to podocytes
 • Changed architecture: Scanning. Deposition of
• Injury to podocytes
Codocytes (Target cells) - Two target cells are seen in the left photo and one in
Codocytes (Target ... #Blood #Smear #Codocytes
Innate Immune Cells - Pathophysiology
The innate immune system consists of granulocytes, mast cells, natural killer cells,
killer cells, and monocytes ... Monocytes and neutrophils ... Monocytes and B-cells
Characteristics of Selected Pneumonias

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Gram-positive diplococci. 
Haemophilus influenzae. Pleomorphic gram-negative coccobacilli. 
Staphylococcus aureus. Plump
PMNs and monocytes
Peripheral Signs of Aortic Regurgitation

Corrigan sign	Prominent carotid and supraclavicular pulsations
Alfred de Musset sign	Head nodding with heart
volume abruptly collapsing
COVID-19 - How does it affect you? 
Gas Exchange 
Each sac of air, or alveolus, is
prevents it from collapsing
Collapsing IVC on POCUS - 

More fluids please

Dr. J. Christian Fox @jchristianfox

#Respiratory #Variation #Collapsing #IVC #InferiorVenaCava
Collapsing IVC on ... Respiratory #Variation #Collapsing
Fever - Pyrogen Pathophysiology

EXOGENOUS PYROGEN
 • Bacteria: Lipopolysaccharide components, peptidoglycans and muramyl peptide derivatives, Toxins
 •
(neutrophils, monocytes