29 results
Glomerular Diseases - Nephritic and Nephrotic Syndromes

Nephritic syndrome—due to GBM disruption. 
Hypertension. t BUN and creatinine.
RBC casts in urine ... but in severe cases ... May be 10 (eg direct ... Nephrotic #Syndromes #Classification ... #Proteinuria #Nephrology
Urine Microscopy - Casts
Acellular Casts
 • Hyaline Casts - Consists of only precipitated Tamm-Horsfell protein without
Acellular Casts ... • Hyaline Casts ... colored compounds (e.g ... Urine #Microscopy #nephrology ... #interpretation
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus

Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus:
 - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
Classification of ... uropathy, Metabolic causes ... (e.g., hypokalemia ... Diabetes #Insipidus #Classification ... #Types #Nephrology
Major neurocognitive disorders (MNCD): Diagnosis and workup 

1) Clinical diagnosis Cognitive impairment + loss of autonomy
2)
workup 1) Clinical ... Alzheimer - 1st cause ... - 25% genetic component ... Dementia - 2nd cause ... Differential #Subtypes #Classification
Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS)

Definition:
• Functional, potentially reversible kidney impairment.
• Occurs in advanced liver disease: cirrhosis, severe alcoholic
Diagnosis (Clinical ... Classification: ... IV albumin (1 g/kg ... liver insult (e.g ... Syndrome #Hepatology #Nephrology
Causes of Lactate Elevation, Lactic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis

The most common causes of hyperlactatemia are usually:
by excretion (e.g ... of lactate as a clinical ... a multitude of clinical ... the appropriate clinical ... #typea #typeb #classification
Pisa Syndrome (pleurothotonus) on Physical Exam
A tonic flexion of the trunk of the body to one
Caused commonly ... by: - drugs (e.g ... neurodegenerative disorders (eg ... #PhysicalExam #clinical ... #neurology #posture
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Shock Overview
A state of tissue hypoxia due to decreased or dysregulated oxygen delivery or extraction, resulting
death Common Clinical ... oliguria (< 0.5 mL/kg ... EmmGeezee #Shock #Classification ... #differential #causes ... #classification
Lesions of the Spinal cord - Spinal Cord Syndromes

Spinal cord lesions can result in permanent neurologic
Causes of spinal ... • Extrinsic Causes ... • Intrinsic Causes ... - Infection (e.g ... differential #diagnosis #neurology
Shock Overview
A state of tissue hypoxia due to decreased or dysregulated oxygen delivery or extraction, resulting
death Common Clinical ... oliguria (< 0.5 mL/kg ... EmmGeezee #Shock #Classification ... #differential #causes ... #classification