376 results
Disc Herniations - Pathogenesis and Complications
• 90% of Lumbar disc herniations happen at L4/5 and L5/S1
•
Disc Herniations ... 90% of Lumbar disc ... 60% of cervical disc ... the vertebral disc ... -> Disc less able
Papilledema vs Normal Optic Disc

Blurred vs sharp optic disc margins

#Papilledema #OpticDisc #Normal #Comparison #Fundoscopy #Ophthalmology #Clinical
vs Normal Optic Disc ... vs sharp optic disc
Lumbar spine reporting - Nomenclature
Bulge (>25% disc circumference)
  - Symmetric (Circumferential) 
  - Asymmetric
Nomenclature Bulge (>25% disc ... Herniation (<25% disc ... Spine #Reporting #Disc
Pathological Optic Disc Cupping

Note cup-to-disc ratio at least 0.8 (physiologic limit of 0.5).

Thinning of optic disc
Pathological Optic Disc ... Note cup-to-disc ... Thinning of optic disc ... so that optic disc
Optic Disc Edema

The optic disc is elevated and its surface is covered by cotton wool spots
Optic Disc Edema ... The optic disc
Classic signs of arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy or giant cell arteritis are mild arterial narrowing
and chalky white disc ... arteritis #photo #disc
Common causes of sciatica. Disc herniation is the commonest cause. Spondylolisthesis can cause impingement #Anatomy #Pathophys
Disc herniation
Approach to an Eye Exam

1. History
2. Obvious Physical Trauma
3. Initial Assessment
  A. Visual Acuity
Optic Nerve / Disc ... / Cup: Disc Ratio
Retinal vs Choroid Detachment - Head CT Comparison and Diagnosis

RETINAL DETACHMENT
 - Reduced visual acuity, flashes,
Converges on optic disc ... Diverges from optic disc
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
Ischemia of optic disc ... swelling and blurred disc ... Leakage of optic disc ... hemorrhage and disc