323 results
UROLITHIASIS 

80% of stones are composed of calcium oxalate or phosphate. Others include uric acid (9%),
facilitates struvite stone ... Uric acid stone ... idiopathic uric acid stone ... These mutations cause ... uretericcalculus #struvite #stone
Management of Pediatric Kidney Stones
Acute Managment:
 • Pain relief: NSAIDs, opioids
 • Facilitating passage of stone:
• Try retrieve stone ... strainer: send for stone ... ELECTIVE: - Stone ... Stent: < 2 cm stone ... URS: Ureteric stone
Kidney stone type, corresponding urine sediment, urinary risk factors, and associated clinical settings.
#Diagnosis #Nephrology #Urine #Microscopy
Kidney stone type ... Urinary #Kidney #Stones
Imaging Modalities for Renal Calculus

AXR. KUB
 - Good far calcium-containing stones useful when limited radiation dose
calcium-containing stones ... X-rays useful tor stone ... identify non-calculus causes ... Combines calcific stone ... for non-calculus causes
Medications for Recurrent Calcium Oxalate (CaOx) Stones
HYPERCALCIURIA
 • Thiazides: HCT, Indapamide, Chlorthalidone
 • Consider after first
Oxalate (CaOx) Stones ... Consider after first stone ... kidney - Large stone ... risk in CaPO4 stones ... Oxalate #CaOx #Stones
Mixed Urinary Incontinence: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Urgency Urinary Incontinence (UUI) -> Urinary leakage preceded by a
preceded by a sudden, strong ... ; BOO (tumour, stone ... causing Decreased tone ... - Failure to Store ... SUI or UUI not caused
ACA infarcts are rare because of the collateral circulation provided by the anterior communicating artery. ACA infarct
cerebral artery strokes ... These are uncommon causes ... about 0.3%-4.4% of stroke ... cases in series ... presentation of this stoke
Causes of Biliary Dilatation - Differential Diagnosis
 • Physiological: ↑ Age, Cholecystectomy, Opioid dependence, Post-sphincterotomy
 •
Causes of Biliary ... diverticulum, AUPBD • Stones ... : Biliary stone( ... Biliary #Dilatation #causes
Reflex Testing - Causes of Hyporeflexia and Hyperreflexia
Focal Hyporeflexia: 
 • Radiculopathy, Mononeuropathy, Polyneuropathy, Acute stroke,
Reflex Testing - Causes ... Polyneuropathy, Acute stroke ... Deep coma (any cause ... - Strong Medicine ... Hyperreflexia #Testing #Causes
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
disease Renal Causes ... Mass Ureteral Causes ... Hematuria: • Stone ... Cystitis • Bladder stones ... urinary tract) Causes