11 results
Approach to ECGs - Ischemia
MI = Biomarkers + ECG or echo/angiogram findings
Pathologic Q - 1/3 height
Approach to ECGs ... = Biomarkers + ECG ... Equivalents / Don't Miss Signs ... bigger than QRS - deWinter ... Interpretation #differential
STEMI Equivalents on ECG
 • Conventional STEMI - Elevation of ST segment at (or 40-60 ms
Equivalents on ECG ... J point • De Winter ... V2 • Wellens sign ... pain • Wellens sign ... #differential #
Graves’ Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
B & T lymphocyte mediated autoimmunity attack TSH receptor -> Continuous
Graves’ Disease: ... the etiology Signs ... GravesDisease #pathophysiology ... #endocin #endocrinology ... #symptoms #signs
Primary Hyperthyroidism - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Note: Although rare, gestational diseases can lead to thyrotoxicosis due
excess secretion of hCG ... Signs/Symptoms: ... Hyperthyroidism #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Feedback Loop: Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone:
 • Liver -> GHR activates JAK-STAT pathway -> Incr IGF1
activates lipolysis Signs ... /Symptoms: • GH ... tissue expansion (e.g ... #FeedbackLoop #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Hyperthyroidism Overview

Clinical Manifestation of Hyperthyroidism:
 • Fatigue
 • Weight loss
 • Heat intolerance
 • Depression, nervousness
diffuse goiter (Graves ... antibodies (TRAb) if Graves ... causes #diagnosis #differential ... #endocrinology ... #signs #symptoms
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
Hypertension - Workup and Differential ... hypertension and signs ... renal bruit or signs ... Coarctation of aorta ... Vasculitis • Endocrinologic
Aortoenteric Fistula - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Epidemiology:
• Uncommon but life-threatening
• Most common site of bowel connection
duodenum Clinical Signs ... /Symptoms: • Classic ... • Should be on differential ... Pathophysiology: ... de novo between aorta
Giant cell arteritis (GCA)

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) definition: Most common systemic inflammatory vasculitis in older adults
those coming off aorta ... systemic sx + signs ... very remarkable w/differential ... GCA #Temporal #Signs ... #Symptoms #Diagnosis
CNS Infections - Viral Encephalitis and Bacterial Meningitis - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Viral Encephalitis:
MCC: Enteroviruses (e.g., coxsackievirus
Enteroviruses (e.g ... Coltivirus Symptoms ... parenchymatous (tabes ... influenzae Symptoms ... Acute meningeal signs