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differential causes hypokalemia potassium gitelman high management syndrome workup acidosis aniongap chloride hyponatremia low medications nongap pathophysiology pharmacology renal rhabdomyolysis
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Renal losses, Diuretic ... alkalosis, Ketonuria ... , Osmotic diuresis ... : • Acute or chronic ... #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
resistance • Metabolic ... alkalosis • Familial ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment ... #Diuresis #Nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis ... plasma insulin (treatment ... , Osmotic diuresis ... #differential #diagnosis ... #nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
Metabolic Alkalosis ... loop or thiazide diuretics ... pressure: Active diuretic ... #nephrology #differential ... #diagnosis
Hypokalemia Differential Algorithm Acidosis - RTA - Diarrhea pH Normal 1. Decreased Mg 2. Intracellular Shift
Algorithm Acidosis ... Diuretics (discontinued ... Metabolic alkalosis ... #Diagnosis #Causes ... #Workup #Nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Algorithm Before ... Alkalosis: Emesis ... , Diuretics, Bartter ... #diagnosis #Algorithm ... differential #potassium #nephrology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
Non-anion Gap Metabolic ... Potassium-sparing diuretics ... ketosis with ketone excretion ... #differential #diagnosis ... #causes #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Diagnosis Framework ... • K sparing diuretics ... infusions) - Metabolic ... Impaired Renal Excretion ... potassium #high #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Diagnosis Framework ... • K sparing diuretics ... infusions) - Metabolic ... Impaired Renal Excretion ... potassium #high #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome - Diagnosis and Workup Blood Work: - Hypokalemia - Hypomagnesemia - Metabolic Alkalosis - Elevated
Blood Work: - Hypokalemia ... Hypomagnesemia - Metabolic ... Alkalosis - Elevated ... Normotensive - No diuretic ... #Workup #nephrology
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