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causes nephrology potassium hypokalemia algorithm high hyperkalemia hypomagnesemia low table workup classification drugs excretion hypertension indications magnesium secondary
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
(treatment of diabetic ... Villous adenoma Renal ... chewing tobacco, Renal ... tubular acidosis ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism Decreased GI Uptake - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
diarrhea / IBD Renal ... Loop and thiazide diuretics ... Hypokalemia - Osmotic diuresis ... Post-obstructive diuresis ... - Familial renal
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Diagnosis Algorithm ... Extra-renal Losses ... loss (Diarrhea) Renal ... tumor, Primary hyperaldosteronism ... Loop and thiazide diuretics
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Regulating Renal ... Inhibitors of Renal ... #Renal #Excretion ... #Pharmacology # ... Medications #Table
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
gastrointestinal K loss • Renal ... hypokalemia • Renal ... tubular acidosis ... Ureterosigmoidostomy, Diabetic ... Post-hypercapnia • Diuretics
Causes of Hypomagnesemia Redistribution: - IV glucose - Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis - IV hyperalimentation - Refeeding
(steatorrhea) Renal ... Saline or osmotic diuresis ... Tubulointerstitial renal ... Drugs: - Loop diuretics ... hypomg
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
• K sparing diuretics ... resistance Impaired Renal ... deficiency • Renal ... Type IV RTA • Renal ... Medications 2.
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
• K sparing diuretics ... resistance Impaired Renal ... deficiency • Renal ... Type IV RTA • Renal ... Medications 2.
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis Approach (when evaluation should be done): 1. Severe or
classes, including a diuretic ... eg, presence of renal ... • Vascular: Renal ... Renal parenchymal ... #Diagnosis #indications
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