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algorithm causes alkalosis gitelman high hyperkalemia hyponatremia low management cancer chloride oncology pathophysiology rhabdomyolysis treatment urinary workup
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine Urine K+
, Syndrome of apparent ... , Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... #urine #potassium ... #nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Hypokalemia - Differential ... SAME, Cushing Syndrome ... diuretics, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrom ... #low #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
↓ Aldosterone: Syndrome ... excess, Liddle's syndrome ... Diuretics, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... potassium #nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
metabolic alkalosis ... Cerebral salt wasting syndrome ... Stress, Drugs, Syndrome ... • Nephrotic syndrome ... #Causes #nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
diuretic use, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... potassium acid ... #Algorithm #nephrology ... diagnosis
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L • Gastric alkalosis:
Severe Cushing syndrome ... Congenital AME syndrome ... • Liddle syndrome ... ) • Gitelman syndrome ... #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Hyperkalemia - Differential ... Diagnosis Framework ... - Tumor lysis syndrome ... infusions) - Metabolic ... #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
Gitelman Syndrome ... • Gitelman's syndrome ... Hypocalciuria (spot urine ... ratio 0.5%) Differential ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Hyperkalemia - Differential ... Diagnosis Framework ... - Tumor lysis syndrome ... infusions) - Metabolic ... #nephrology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
- Compartment syndrome ... Heat stroke - Metabolic ... Neuroleptic malignant syndrome ... or compartment syndrome ... causes #treatment #nephrology
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