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differential hypokalemia alkalosis chloride diuresis diuretics encephalopathy excretion gitelman hyperkalemia k medications pathophysiology pharmacology posterior pres reversible rhabdomyolysis urinary urine
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
K loss • Hypomagnesemia-induced ... tubular acidosis (type ... Ureterosigmoidostomy, Diabetic ... #algorithm #causes ... #nephrology #potassium
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
(K) & magnesium( ... suggests extra-renal ... #Hypokalemia #diagnosis ... #potassium #nephrology ... #low
Causes of Hypomagnesemia • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... Correction of diabetic ... osmotic diuresis, Potassium ... #diagnosis #nephrology ... #magnesium #low
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
• Normal or low ... Rhabdomyolysis Treatment ... • Magnesium ... #diagnosis #nephrology ... #management #pathophysiology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
alkalosis • Normal/low ... , Hypomagnesemia ... acidosis • Diabetic ... #nephrology #differential ... #diagnosis
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
Summary Causes ... Heat stroke - Metabolic ... Monitor potassium ... #Management #causes ... #treatment #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
resistance • Metabolic ... • Diagnosis of ... irrigation • Management ... Kidney stones caused ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) Overview Clinico-Radiological Syndrome, characterized by: • Headache • Seizures • Altered mental
Immunosuppressive agents, Renal ... Drug toxicity, Metabolic ... • Magnesium correction ... #diagnosis #management ... #neurology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Aldosterone, RTA Type ... only if no clear cause ... Elimination (see Table ... #Management #Treatment ... #potassium #nephrology
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