86 results
Nephritic vs Nephrotic Syndrome

Step 1: If the patient has hematuria and/or proteinuria, think about nephrotic/nephritic syndromes.
Step
hematuria (RBC casts ... or dysmorphic RBCs ... Comparison #Algorithm #Nephrology
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
proteinuria, RBC casts ... , dysmorphic RBCs ... → Refer to Nephrology ... cystoscopy • Refer to Nephrology ... if cause not identified
Unmeasured Anions Associated with an Elevated Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis

#Unmeasured #Anions #Gap #Metabolic #Acidosis #Diagnosis
Acidosis #Diagnosis #Nephrology ... #Table #Differential ... #Causes
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
vasculitis - Dysmorphic ... disease Renal Causes ... and SMA - Can cause ... urinary tract) Causes ... #urology #nephrology
Reflex Testing - Causes of Hyporeflexia and Hyperreflexia
Focal Hyporeflexia: 
 • Radiculopathy, Mononeuropathy, Polyneuropathy, Acute stroke,
Reflex Testing - Causes ... Deep coma (any cause ... Hyperreflexia #Testing #Causes ... differential #diagnosis #table ... #neurology
Modified Valsalva Maneuver Insturctions

- 43% vs 17% response compared to the standard valsalva maneuver

Per ACLS and
Valsalva Maneuver Insturctions ... the first-line treatment ... for stable AVNRT ... Maneuver #REVERT #Instructions
Urine Microscopy Instructions
1) Spin fresh urine sample (10-15mL) in a centrifuge for 3-5 minutes - Don't
Urine Microscopy Instructions ... under lower power (casts ... Urine #Microscopy #Instructions ... #nephrology #diagnosis
Differentiation Between Nephrotic Syndrome and Nephritic Syndrome 
== Nephrotic Syndrome ==
Onset - Insidious 
Edema - ++++
Blood
Red blood cell casts ... Red blood cell casts ... edgarvlermamd - Nephrology ... Nephritic #Comparison #Table ... #Nephrology #Diagnosis
Hordeolum vs Chalazion

Hordeolum (Stye):
 • Location: Most commonly found at or near an eyelash follicle
 •
eyelash follicle • Cause ... , swelling • Treatment ... upper lid • Cause ... painless lump • Treatment ... Chalazion #Comparison #Table
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
urinary tract • Dysmorphic ... • White cell casts ... disease • Granular casts ... key #diagnosis #nephrology ... #casts