51 results
Mechanism of Action for Common Diabetes Medications

 • SGLT2i (Dapagliflozin)
 • TZD (Pioglitazone)
 • Biguanides (Metformin)
#Medications #pharmacology ... #pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Nephron Pathophysiology - Diuretic Sites of Action
Diuretics
1) Acetazolamide/canagliflozin
2) Osmotic agents (mannitol, urearetics)
3) Loop agents (eg, furosemide)
4)
Nephron Pathophysiology ... ) Loop agents (eg ... Adenosine #Nephron #Pathophysiology ... Action #nephrology #pharmacology
Approach to the Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism - Differential Diagnosis and Workup Algorithm

 • Secondary Hyperthyroidism (↑↔TSH,
Hyperthyroidism - Differential ... Hyperthyroidism (↑↑↑ ß-hCG ... Thyroiditis, Iodine (e.g ... Hyperthyroidism #Differential ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #endocrinology
Common sodium channel blockers which cause QRS widening.

Anticonvulsants: 
 - Carbamazepine 
Antidysrhythmics:  
 - Group
QRS #widening #ECG ... #EKG #Pharmacology ... Toxicology #Diagnosis #Differential
Causes of Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism 
 • Possible Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia - Differential ... Granulomatous Disorders (eg ... Hypercalcemia #Differential ... Algorithm #Causes #endocrinology
Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia 
 • Direct renin inhibitor (Aliskiren)
 • Renin release inhibition (NSAIDs, Beta-Blockers)
• Increased EC ... #hyperkalemia #differential ... #diagnosis #pathophysiology ... #pharmacology #
Gynecomastia - Differential Diagnosis a
nd Workup Algorithm
Gynecomastia is common in clinical practice, affecting ~50% of males
Gynecomastia - Differential ... Testosterone, HCG ... #Gynecomastia #Differential ... Workup #Algorithm #endocrinology
Sellar / Pituitary Mass - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Adenoma - Primary Anterior Pituitary
 - Secreting
Pituitary Mass - Differential ... Physiological (e.g ... Compensation (e.g ... SellarMass #Pituitary #Differential ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #endocrinology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia - Differential ... Hypercalcemias (e.g ... 1,25-(OH)2D3 (e.g ... Hypercalcemia #Differential ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Endocrinology
High Output Heart Failure - Pathophysiology and Differential Diagnosis
Obesity - Systemic Vasodilation, Vasoactive Adipokines
Arteriovenous Fistula -
Heart Failure - Pathophysiology ... and Differential ... - Congenital (e.g ... HeartFailure #CHF #Pathophysiology ... #Differential #