11 results
Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)
Absolute Insulin deficit:
 - Type I DM:
Pathophysiology ... Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome ... deficit: - Type I DM ... - Type II DM ... #dka #hhs #pathophysiology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
K+ into cells: Insulin ... - Refeeding Syndrome ... Algorithm #causes #potassium ... #low #pathophysiology
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine
Urine K+
the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ... Administration of inulin ... , Gitelman syndrome ... hypokalemia #urine #potassium ... algorithm #diagnosis #nephrology
Refeeding Syndrome: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Patients at Risk of Refeeding Syndrome:
 - Little or no nutritional
Refeeding Syndrome ... BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 ... including diuretics, insulin ... parenteral -> Insulin ... #diagnosis #pathophysiology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
Poorly controlled DM ... • Recent IV potassium ... - Tumor lysis syndrome ... paralysis - Insulin ... #high #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
Poorly controlled DM ... • Recent IV potassium ... - Tumor lysis syndrome ... paralysis - Insulin ... #high #nephrology
Acromegaly - Diagnosis and Management Summary - GrepMed Handbook 

Clinical Presentation: 
 • Classic Acromegaly: frontal
• Metabolic: Insulin ... malignancy Pathophysiology ... Acromegaloid): insulin ... Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome ... Endocrinology #Treatment #Pathophysiology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
transfusions), ↓insulin ... (DM, DKA, octreotide ... Treatments: • Insulin ... Management #Treatment #potassium ... #nephrology #K
Stiff Person Syndrome (SPS) - Diagnosis and Management Summary

Epidemiology:
 • Prevalence: 1-2 cases per million -
Stiff Person Syndrome ... associated with DM ... Stiff Person Syndrome ... Pathophysiology ... Management #treatment #neurology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
Gitelman Syndrome ... Hypokalemia (renal potassium ... Supplement: • Potassium ... #diagnosis #nephrology ... #management #pathophysiology