1425 results
Decompensated Heart Failure Management Strategies

Wet (volume overloaded) vs Dry (euvolemic) and Cold (low cardiac output) vs
overloaded) vs Dry (euvolemic ... ) and Cold (low
Decompensated Heart Failure Classification
Wet (volume overloaded) vs Dry (euvolemic) and Cold (low cardiac output) vs Warm
overloaded) vs Dry (euvolemic ... ) and Cold (low
True Hyponatremia Differential Algorithm

Instead (or in addition) of volume status examination, check urine sodium and serum
- Urine sodium low ... and uric acid low ... in euvolemic hyponatremia
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm

1) Check Urine Osmolality:
 > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Skin loss • Euvolemic ... (Low H2O intake ... ) diuresis • Euvolemic
Volume Based Approach to Hyponatremia
Hypovolemic, Serum uric acid >4
 • Urine Na <20: Extra-renal losses
 •
Cerebral salt wasting Euvolemic ... Hypothyroidism, Low ... diagnosis #sodium #low
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
ADH Independent:
 • Tea and Toast Syndrome, Beer Potomania - Low solute
Beer Potomania - Low ... • Euvolemic
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
hyperaldosteronism • Low ... , NGT suction, Low ... Gitelman Syndrome Euvolemic ... Renin-secreting tumor • Low
Hyponatremia - Differential Algorithm
Isotonic Hyponatremia: Hyperlipidemia, Hyperproteinemia, Recent TURP
Hypotonic Hyponatremia: 
 • Hypovolemia: Diuretics/Nephropathies, Vomiting, Diarrhea,
Pancreatitis • Euvolemia ... nephrology #sodium #low
Hyponatremia (<135 mEq/L) is a common electrolyte abnormality caused by an excess of total body water
hypovolemic, and euvolemic ... stimulated in states of low ... activated in states of low
Hypoxia and Hypoxemia - Overview
Hypoxia - insufficient oxygen delivered to tissues to meet demands
Hypoxemia - low
cardiac output) - Low ... SvO2 → Low PaO2 ... COHb, MetHb) - Low ... CaO2 → Low SvO2 ... → Low PaO2 CYTOPATHIC