2019 results
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
Inadequate water intake:
 • Lack of access to water
Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
perspiration Renal ... diabetes insipidus Excessive ... Diagnosis #Causes #nephrology
Workup for Hyperphosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework
Rule out spurious hyperphosphatemia: paraproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hemolysis, hyperbilirubinemia, liposomal amphotericin
• Exogenous: Excessive ... CKD Increased Renal ... Workup #phosphate #nephrology
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus

Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus:
 - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
dominant (or rarely recessive ... gene, Autosomal: recessive ... Acquired - Primary renal ... characterized by excessive ... Classification #Types #Nephrology
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Polyuria - Urine Output > 3L/day, Increased Urine Volume (>2ml/min)
Osmotic
Recovery from Acute Renal ... Deprivation Test - Excessive ... #Polyuria #Nephrology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia
The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
≥100): SIADH, Renal ... Present (Uosm <100): Renal ... Hypervolemia with poor renal ... Present (Uosm <100): Excessive ... table #sodium #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Villous adenoma Renal ... Licorice ingestion, Excessive ... chewing tobacco, Renal ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Management of Pediatric Kidney Stones
Acute Managment:
 • Pain relief: NSAIDs, opioids
 • Facilitating passage of stone:
RDI - Avoid excessive ... Monitoring for extra-renal ... Management #Pediatrics #nephrology
Hypomagnesemia - Differential Diagnosis
Renal Causes of Hypomagnesemia - Familial:
Bartter syndrome and Gitelman syndrome, Isolated recessive hypomagnesemia,
Differential Diagnosis Renal ... syndrome, Isolated recessive ... hypomagnesemia Renal ... Hypercalcemia, Post renal ... diagnosis #causes #nephrology
Hypermagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism
Renal Failure 
Excessive Mg Administration 
 - Massive PO intake
by Mechanism Renal ... Failure Excessive ... Epsom salts - Excessive
Management of Pruritus in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Pruritus with no primary lesions - differential diagnosis:
diagnosis: • Renal ... perineum • Avoid excessive ... Uremia #Management #Nephrology