34 results
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
alkalosis • Normal/low ... the excretion of sodium ... and potassium acid ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology ... #differential #
True Hyponatremia Differential Algorithm

Instead (or in addition) of volume status examination, check urine sodium and serum
True Hyponatremia Differential ... low, uric acid ... and uric acid low ... #Hyponatremia #Differential ... Algorithm #Diagnosis #Nephrology
Mechanisms of Loop Diuretic Action and Resistance. Panel A, loop diuretics circulate bound to protein. As
diuretics compete with chloride ... for binding to sodiumpotassiumchloride ... #Pathophysiology
How much sodium is in 1 Liter of Normal Saline? In Bags if Potato Chips
How much sodium ... saline = 0.9% sodium ... chloride contains ... 154 meq of sodium ... normal #saline #ns #nephrology
Hyponatremia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Utilizing Uric Acid 
ADH promotes Urea/uric acid excretion along with water
Hyponatremia Differential ... Osmolarity 3) Urine Sodium ... Uric Acid - Low ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology ... #sodium #low #uricacid
Digoxin Pharmacology and Pathophysiology
1) Na/K ATPase Pump - Digoxin works by directly binding to and inhibiting
Pharmacology and Pathophysiology ... this pump, those sodium ... intracellular sodium ... hypokalemia (or low ... #Pharmacology #Pathophysiology
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
130 mEq/L • Potassium ... 1.5 mEq/L • Chloride ... 154 mEq/L • Chloride ... receives high chloride ... decreased renal blood flow
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology
Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology ... thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride ... Gitelman #Syndrome #Pathophysiology ... #nephrology #diagnosis
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Hypokalemia - Differential ... #Hypokalemia #Differential ... Algorithm #causes #potassium ... #low #pathophysiology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
thiazide-sensitive sodium ... alkalosis • Normal or low ... ratio 0.5%) Differential ... Syndrome #diagnosis #nephrology ... #management #pathophysiology