3311 results
Etiologies of dilated cardiomyopathy. HF, heart failure; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HIV, human
reduced ejection fraction ... diagnosis #cardiology #causes
TOPCAT - Spironolactone for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

N Engl J Med 2014; 370:1383-1392 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1313731

CONCLUSIONS:
Preserved Ejection Fraction ... preserved ejection fraction ... cardiovascular causes
Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction

CONCLUSIONS:
Among patients with heart failure and a
Reduced Ejection Fraction ... reduced ejection fraction ... cardiovascular causes
Approach to Hypomagnesemia 

Fractional excretion of magnesium = (urine magnesium x serum creatinine)/ [0.7 (serum magnesium
Hypomagnesemia Fractional ... loss if renal function ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Echocardiography
Right ventricular function can be assessed using several methods and echocardiography is generally the first‐line tool
Right ventricular function ... Fractional area ... predictive of all‐cause
Growth Hormone Excess - Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Acromegaly and gigantism share the same pathophysiology
• Other rare causes ... decr eiection fraction
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM)

What is PPCM?
• A form of acute systolic heart failure that develops late in
ventricular ejection fraction ... cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is caused ... other high-output causes ... dissection • Other causes ... Rule out other causes
Eosinophils (Eos) and hypereosinophilia (HE)
Caused by eosinophilopoietic cytokines
Common causes:
 - Drug reaction
 - Helminth infection
 -
hypereosinophilia (HE) Caused ... cytokines Common causes ... : - Drug reaction ... infection - Allergic reaction ... disease Rare causes
Drugs Causing Acute Pancreatitis

Class Ia: The medications in which there was a rechallenge and other causes
rechallenge and other causes ... out other common causes ... Class II: Cases ... and atleast4 case ... #Pancreatitis #Causes
Causes of Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia is caused by excess potassium intake, impaired potassium excretion, or transcellular shifts. The
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Hyperkalemia is caused ... impaired renal function ... rarely the sole cause ... #Differential #Causes