2892 results
Causes of Chronic Diarrhea - Differential Diagnosis
Osmotic
 • Food/Drink: Lactose intolerance, Artificial sweeteners (e.g. sorbitol, high
Causes of Chronic ... • Food/Drink: Lactose ... sorbitol, high fructose ... Chronic #Diarrhea #Causes
Food carbohydrates
Starch
Polysaccharides
Salivary amylase
G)
Pancreatic amylase
Lactose
Maltose
Lumen
Lactase
Maltase O
Sucrase
Saccharose Disaccharides
Nat
cotransport
carrier
Villus
epithelial cell
Galactose
Glucose
Glucose
Glucose
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Na*- and energy-
dependent
absorption
Glucose
Facilitated
diffusion
#Fructose Monosaccharides
Energy
dependent
Blood capillary
Na+
Pancreatic amylase Lactose ... Maltose Lumen Lactase ... Glucose Glucose Fructose ... Facilitated diffusion #Fructose
Causes of Lactate Elevation, Lactic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis

The most common causes of hyperlactatemia are usually:
Causes of Lactate ... The most common causes ... - Many other causes ... Causes of elevated ... Causes of Lactate
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
Lactated Ringers ... mEq/L • Sodium lactate ... mEq • Sodium Lactate ... shift • Saline Causes ... • Saline May Cause
Lactic Acidosis - Classification and Differential Diagnosis
Type A Lactic Acidosis: Inadequate Oxygen Delivery
 • Anaerobic muscular
, Epinephrine, Fructose ... , Isoniazid, Lactate-based ... #TypeA #TypeB #lactate
GOLDMARK - Mnemonic for Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
G - Glycols
O - Oxoproline
L - L-Lactate
D - D-Lactate
M
Oxoproline L - L-Lactate ... D - D-Lactate ... #differential #causes
Crystalloid Composition - Normal Saline, Ringer's Lactate, Hartmann's Solution, PlasmaLyte

Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl- 
Acetate 
Lactate 
Gluconate 
Bicarbonate
Saline, Ringer's Lactate ... Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl- Acetate ... Lactate Gluconate ... #LR #Ringers #Lactated
Intraoperative Sepsis - Guidelines for Crises in Anaesthesia

Severe sepsis (hypotension persisting after initial fluid challenge of
30ml.kg-1 or blood lactate ... likely underlying cause ... including blood gas, lactate ... devices could have caused ... Check serial lactates
Considerations for Crystalloids - 0.9% NS vs LR vs Plasma-Lyte
 - Causes hyperkalemia?
 - Safe to
Plasma-Lyte - Causes ... - Causes lactic ... - Serum lactate ... - Can cause a NAGMA
High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (HAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis - GOLDMARK

Glycols - ethylene and propylene glycol
Oxoproline
acetaminophen use L-lactate ... metabolism D-lactate ... salicylate toxicity causes