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management diagnosis causes differential hyperkalemia medications syndrome bacterial diabetes diuresis diuretics excretion gitelman hematuria hepatorenal high hrs hypokalemia mechanism pathophysiology
Metformin: Biguanide Metformin is the first-line medication for treatment of type 2 diabetes. It is very effective
medication for treatment ... effective in lowering blood ... side effects is GI ... attention to patients renal ... #Pharmacology #
Hyperkalemia Treatment Options Stabilize cardiac membrane: • IV Calcium (peaks 5-10 minutes) Decrease potassium concentration: • IV Fluids Shift
Hyperkalemia Treatment ... Fluids Shift potassium ... (if preserved renal ... peaks 1-2h) • Blood ... #nephrology
Pharmacological Treatment of Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS) Midodrine - Alpha agonist incr blood pressure incr renal perfusion pressure
Pharmacological Treatment ... Alpha agonist incr blood ... pressure incr renal ... #Management #Pharmacology ... #Medications #Treatment
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
urine • 1ml blood ... Pseudohematuria: • GI ... bleed • Menstruation ... causes #urology #nephrology ... blood
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
UA positive for blood ... oxidative injury Treatment ... Treatment of underlying ... Monitor potassium ... #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Agents Regulating Renal ... Prevention of blood ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Pharmacology #
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis DIAGNOSTICS Paracentesis: • Calculate absolute PMN count (total WBC x PMN %) • Correct
ascitic fluid in blood ... • Active upper GI ... bleed: use IV CTX ... bilirubin 3) or renal ... #prophylaxis #treatment
Hyperkalemia Management Pseudohyperkalemia: 1. Hemolyzed sample 2. Blood drawn from a site/line where potassium or TPN is
Blood drawn from ... site/line where potassium ... hours) - Increase renal ... - Bind in the GI ... Hyperkalemia #Management #treatment
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
Normal or low blood ... • Hypokalemia (renal ... potassium wasting ... Rhabdomyolysis Treatment ... Syndrome #diagnosis #nephrology
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